Я натёр сыр для салата.

It is the masculine singular past tense of натереть, a perfective verb.

In this sentence:

• я = I
• натёр = grated / rubbed
• сыр = cheese
• для салата = for the salad / for salad

So натёр means I grated or I have grated in the sense of a completed action.

The usual imperfective partner is натирать:

• Я натирал сыр = I was grating cheese / I used to grate cheese
• Я натёр сыр = I grated the cheese / I finished grating the cheese

Russian verbs usually come in aspect pairs:

• натирать = imperfective
• натереть = perfective

The perfective verb натереть shows the action as completed. That fits this sentence, because the speaker is talking about a finished result: the cheese is already grated.

A native English speaker often expects tense to do all the work, but in Russian, aspect is very important:

• Я натирал сыр для салата = I was grating / I grated cheese for the salad, with focus on the process
• Я натёр сыр для салата = I grated the cheese for the salad, with focus on completion

It is in the accusative case, because it is the direct object of the verb натёр.

However, for an inanimate masculine singular noun, the accusative often looks exactly the same as the nominative.

So:

• nominative: сыр
• accusative: сыр

That is completely normal.

Compare with an animate masculine noun, where accusative would usually match genitive instead.

Because для requires the genitive case.

So:

• салат = nominative
• для салата = for the salad / for salad

This is a very common pattern in Russian:

• для супа = for the soup
• для работы = for work
• для друга = for a friend

So для салата is correct because для always takes genitive.

Russian has no articles.

So сыр can mean:

• cheese
• the cheese
• some cheese

And для салата can mean:

• for salad
• for the salad

The exact meaning depends on context.

This is one of the biggest differences from English. Russian usually leaves definiteness unstated unless something in the sentence makes it clear.

Literally, the basic verb family is related to rubbing:

• тереть = to rub
• натереть = to rub/grate, often to completion

In cooking, натереть сыр is the normal way to say to grate cheese.

So although the core idea is rub, the natural English translation here is grate.

You can think of it as: the cheese is rubbed against a grater until it becomes grated.

This is a good question, because many Russian past tense forms do have -л, like:

• делал
• писал
• читал

But тереть belongs to a group of verbs with an irregular masculine past form:

• тереть → тёр
• натереть → натёр

Other past forms do show -л:

• я натёр if the speaker is male
• я натёрла if the speaker is female
• оно натёрло
• они натёрли

So the masculine singular form is special here.

Also, in normal Russian writing, you may sometimes see натер instead of натёр, because Russians often omit the dots over ё. But it is still pronounced натёр.

Yes, Russian can often omit the subject pronoun when it is clear from context.

So both are possible:

• Я натёр сыр для салата.
• Натёр сыр для салата.

However, in the past tense, the verb itself does not show person the way present-tense forms do, so я can help make things clearer.

Also, if the speaker is male, натёр already suggests a masculine speaker; if female, it would be натёрла.

No, Russian word order is fairly flexible.

Я натёр сыр для салата is a normal, neutral order.

But you could also say:

• Для салата я натёр сыр. = As for the salad, I grated cheese.
• Сыр я натёр для салата. = It was cheese that I grated for the salad.

The basic meaning stays similar, but the emphasis changes.

English relies more on word order for grammar; Russian relies more on case endings, so word order is freer.

In a very literal sense, the verb comes from rub, but in this food context the normal meaning is grated.

So a native speaker would understand:

• натереть сыр = grate cheese

not some vague rubbing action.

Context matters a lot with this verb family. In kitchen language, натереть is extremely common for grating foods on a grater.

Because сыр is a mass noun here.

Russian often uses the singular form for substances and materials:

• сыр = cheese
• хлеб = bread
• сахар = sugar

So Я натёр сыр means I grated some cheese or I grated the cheese, depending on context.

It does not necessarily mean one whole cheese.

Both are possible in different contexts, but they are not exactly the same.

• для салата = for the salad, intended for use in the salad
• в салат = into the salad, emphasizing movement or addition into it

So:

• Я натёр сыр для салата focuses on purpose: I grated cheese for the salad.
• Я натёр сыр в салат would sound more like I grated cheese to put directly into the salad.

In many situations, для салата is the more natural, general phrasing.

These two words can be tricky for English speakers.

• сыр contains the vowel ы, which does not exist in English. It is not exactly ee and not exactly ih. Try keeping the tongue farther back than for и.
• для is pronounced roughly like dlya, but very smoothly, with a soft л.

And натёр has stress on ё:

• на-ТЁР

So the whole sentence is pronounced approximately:

• Ya na-TYOR syr dlya sa-LA-ta

The exact Russian sounds are different from English, but that gives the stress pattern.