Без прихватки я не могу достать противень из духовки.

Because the preposition без (without) requires the genitive case.

• Dictionary form: прихватка
• After без: без прихватки

So без прихватки means without an oven mitt / potholder.

Прихватка is a kitchen item used to handle hot dishes or trays. In English, depending on context, it can be translated as:

• potholder
• oven mitt
• sometimes hot pad

In this sentence, it refers to something you use so you do not burn your hand when taking a hot tray out of the oven.

This is a very common Russian pattern:

• мочь = to be able / can
• не могу = I cannot / I am not able
• достать = to take out / reach and get out

So:

• я не могу достать = I can’t take out / I’m not able to get out

Russian often uses мочь + infinitive the same way English uses can + verb.

Because достать is perfective, while доставать is imperfective.

Here the speaker means a single complete action: taking the tray out of the oven. That is why достать is natural.

• достать = to get/take out successfully, as a complete action
• доставать = to be taking out, to take out repeatedly, or to talk about the process/habit

In this sentence, the idea is: I can’t manage to take the tray out. That fits the perfective verb well.

Противень is the direct object of достать, so it is in the accusative case.

However, противень is:

• masculine
• inanimate
• singular

For many masculine inanimate nouns, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: противень
• accusative: противень

That is why the form does not change.

Because из means out of / from inside, and it requires the genitive case.

• dictionary form: духовка = oven
• after из: из духовки = out of the oven

This is a standard pattern:

• из дома = out of the house
• из коробки = out of the box
• из духовки = out of the oven

Not strictly. Russian often drops subject pronouns when the verb already shows the person clearly.

• не могу достать противень из духовки already means I can’t take the tray out of the oven
• я is added for clarity, emphasis, or just because the speaker chooses to include it

So both are possible:

• Без прихватки не могу достать противень из духовки.
• Без прихватки я не могу достать противень из духовки.

The version with я sounds a little more explicit.

Russian word order is more flexible than English word order. Putting Без прихватки first emphasizes the condition:

• Without an oven mitt, I can’t take the tray out of the oven.

So the sentence starts by highlighting the important practical problem: without that item, the action is impossible.

A different order is also possible, for example:

• Я не могу достать противень из духовки без прихватки.

That means essentially the same thing, but the original version foregrounds без прихватки more strongly.

Yes. Russian has no articles like a or the.

So прихватки, противень, and духовки do not by themselves tell you whether something is:

• a
• the
• sometimes just a general item

You understand that from context.

So Без прихватки could mean:

• without a potholder
• without the potholder
• without an oven mitt

Depending on the situation, English translation chooses what sounds most natural.

Yes, вынуть is also possible and natural in many contexts.

Compare:

• достать противень из духовки = take/get the tray out of the oven
• вынуть противень из духовки = remove the tray from the oven

The difference is small here. Достать can sometimes suggest reaching in and getting something out, while вынуть is a more direct remove/take out. In this sentence, both work well.

In Russian, the single verb достать already contains the idea of getting/taking something out. Russian often uses one verb where English uses a verb + particle combination such as:

• take out
• pull out
• get out

So достать противень из духовки naturally covers the whole idea take the tray out of the oven.