Дефектная ведомость уже готова.

Because Russian normally omits the present-tense form of to be.

So:

• Дефектная ведомость уже готова. = The defect report/list is already ready.

There is no separate word for is here. This is completely normal in Russian.

You only use forms of быть (to be) in the past or future:

• Дефектная ведомость была готова. = The defect report was ready.
• Дефектная ведомость будет готова. = The defect report will be ready.

Готова is the short form of the adjective готовый.

In Russian, short-form adjectives are very commonly used after the subject to mean something like is ready, is sure, is necessary, and so on.

So here:

• ведомость готова = the report is ready

Compare:

• готовая ведомость = a ready/completed report
• ведомость готова = the report is ready

In this sentence, Russian wants the predicative form, so готова is the natural choice.

Because it agrees with ведомость, which is feminine singular.

Short-form готов changes by gender and number:

• masculine: готов
• feminine: готова
• neuter: готово
• plural: готовы

So:

• документ готов = the document is ready
• ведомость готова = the report is ready
• письмо готово = the letter is ready
• документы готовы = the documents are ready

It is in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the sentence.

• дефектная = feminine singular nominative
• ведомость = feminine singular nominative

So the whole phrase дефектная ведомость is the subject: the defect report/list.

A useful detail: готова is a short-form adjective, and short-form adjectives in modern Russian do not show case the way long-form adjectives do. Here it simply matches the subject in gender and number.

Because ведомость is a feminine noun. Nouns ending in -ость are very often feminine in Russian.

That is why the adjectives agreeing with it are also feminine:

• дефектная ведомость
• ведомость готова

If the main noun were masculine or neuter, the adjective forms would change accordingly.

Not exactly.

In this expression, дефектная ведомость is a fixed technical term. It means a document that lists defects/problems. So дефектная here is better understood as relating to defects, not itself defective.

That is important, because a learner might wrongly read it as something like a defective report. In actual usage, it means a defect list/report/sheet.

Уже means already.

Here it tells you that the state of readiness has been reached:

• ведомость готова = the report is ready
• ведомость уже готова = the report is already ready

It usually goes near the word or idea it modifies. In this sentence, it naturally sits before готова.

Yes. Russian word order is relatively flexible, and changing it usually changes emphasis, not the basic meaning.

Neutral order:

• Дефектная ведомость уже готова.

Other possible orders:

• Уже готова дефектная ведомость.
  More emphasis on already ready; the subject comes later.

• Дефектная ведомость готова уже.
  Possible, but more marked or conversational, often with a nuance of contrast.

So the original sentence is a very natural, neutral way to say it.

Because Russian has no articles.

So дефектная ведомость can mean either:

• the defect report
• a defect report

Which one is meant depends on the context.

English forces you to choose the or a. Russian usually leaves that to the situation.

The stress is:

• дефе́ктная
• ве́домость
• уже́
• готова́

So the full sentence is:

дефе́ктная ве́домость уже́ готова́

A rough English-friendly pronunciation is:

dye-FYEKT-na-ya VYE-da-mast' oo-ZHE ga-ta-VA

A few pronunciation notes:

• Unstressed о is often pronounced closer to a.
• ж in уже́ sounds like the s in measure.
• The final -ть / -сть type endings are softer than in English.

You would add the appropriate form of быть:

• Дефектная ведомость уже была готова. = The defect report was already ready.
• Дефектная ведомость уже будет готова. = The defect report will already be ready.

The key pattern is:

• present: no is
• past: была
• future: будет

Because ведомость is feminine, the past-tense form is была, not был or было.