Bateria externă încarcă telefonul.

In Romanian, the definite article is usually attached to the end of the noun, not written as a separate word.

• baterie = battery

• bateria = the battery

• telefon = phone
• telefonul = the phone

So Bateria externă încarcă telefonul already includes the in both nouns.

Baterie is the indefinite form, meaning a battery.
Bateria is the definite form, meaning the battery.

For many feminine singular nouns ending in -e, Romanian adds -a to make them definite:

• baterie → bateria
• carte → cartea

So bateria externă means the external battery.

For the same reason: telefonul is the definite form, meaning the phone.

• telefon = a phone / phone
• telefonul = the phone

The ending -ul is a very common masculine/neuter singular definite article ending in Romanian.

Because Romanian adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in gender and number.

baterie is a feminine singular noun, so the adjective also has to be feminine singular:

• masculine singular: extern
• feminine singular: externă

So:

• telefon extern = external phone (masculine noun)
• baterie externă = external battery (feminine noun)

Yes. In Romanian, adjectives often come after the noun.

So the natural order is:

• bateria externă = the external battery

This is different from English, where adjectives usually come before the noun.

Romanian can sometimes place an adjective before the noun for emphasis or style, but after the noun is the ordinary pattern here.

Încarcă is the 3rd person singular present tense form of a încărca, which means to charge or to load depending on context.

Here it means charges / is charging.

So încarcă can translate as:

• charges
• is charging

Romanian present tense often covers both the simple present and the present continuous, depending on context.

Those are Romanian diacritics, and they matter.

In încarcă, you see:

• î
• ă

These are separate Romanian letters, not optional decoration in careful writing.

Very roughly:

• ă is like the a in sofa
• î is a close central vowel, a sound English does not really have

So it is important to learn them as part of the spelling of the word.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

ba-te-RI-a ex-TER-nă în-CAR-că te-le-FO-nul

Approximate notes:

• bateria → stress on ri
• externă → stress on ter
• încarcă → stress on car
• telefonul → stress on fon

A rough English-style approximation would be:

bah-teh-REE-ah ex-TEHR-nuh uhn-KAHR-kuh teh-leh-FOH-nool

This is only approximate, but it can help you get started.

It is a neuter noun.

In Romanian, neuter nouns behave like:

• masculine in the singular
• feminine in the plural

So in the singular you get forms like a masculine noun:

• un telefon
• telefonul

That is why the definite ending is -ul here.

Yes, but Bateria externă încarcă telefonul is the most neutral, straightforward order.

It follows the common subject + verb + object pattern:

• Bateria externă = subject
• încarcă = verb
• telefonul = object

You might change the order for emphasis, but the original sentence is the most natural basic version for learners.

You mainly know from:

1. word order
2. meaning/context

In this sentence, Romanian uses the normal pattern:

• Bateria externă = the thing doing the action
• telefonul = the thing receiving the action

So the battery is charging the phone, not the other way around.

Romanian does not mark the direct object here with a special ending, so word order is especially helpful.

Yes, but it means something slightly different.

• Bateria externă încarcă telefonul = The external battery charges the phone
• O baterie externă încarcă telefonul = An external battery charges the phone

Here:

• bateria = the battery
• o baterie = an external battery / one external battery

So both are grammatical, but the definiteness changes.

No. A încărca has a broader meaning, similar to English to load or to charge.

Depending on context, it can mean things like:

• charge a phone
• load a truck
• upload a file
• burden someone emotionally

In this sentence, because the object is telefonul, the meaning is clearly charges the phone.