Cu toate că injecția doare, gingia amorțește repede.

Cu toate că is a conjunction meaning although / even though. It introduces a contrast:

• Cu toate că injecția doare = although the injection hurts
• gingia amorțește repede = the gum goes numb quickly

So the sentence sets up a contrast: something unpleasant happens, but there is also a helpful result.

Very close, yes. In many cases they are interchangeable.

• Cu toate că injecția doare, gingia amorțește repede.
• Deși injecția doare, gingia amorțește repede.

Both mean although/even though the injection hurts, the gum goes numb quickly.

A learner should know that deși is shorter and often feels a bit more compact, while cu toate că is slightly more explicit. In normal usage, both are very common.

That -a is the definite article attached to a feminine singular noun.

Romanian usually puts the at the end of the noun instead of before it.

• injecție = an injection

• injecția = the injection

• gingie = a gum
• gingia = the gum

So both nouns are definite: not just any injection or any gum, but the injection and the gum.

Because gingie is a feminine noun ending in -ie, and its definite singular form is -ia:

• gingie → gingia

This is normal for many Romanian nouns of that type. The written form may look unusual to an English speaker, but it is standard Romanian morphology.

Also, the pronunciation keeps the vowels separate, so it is roughly gin-ji-a, not one merged sound.

A durea means to hurt / to ache.

In injecția doare, the subject is injecția:

• injecția doare = the injection hurts

Romanian also often uses a durea with an indirect object to say what hurts a person:

• Mă doare capul = my head hurts / my head is hurting me
• Mă doare injecția would not be natural for this meaning, because the injection is the thing causing pain, not the body part that hurts

So in your sentence, injecția doare simply means the injection is painful.

Both are 3rd person singular present tense, because their subjects are singular nouns:

• injecția doare → the injection hurts
• gingia amorțește → the gum goes numb

Romanian verbs change depending on the subject, just like English changes I am / she is.

Here:

• injecția = singular
• gingia = singular

So the verbs are singular too.

Here amorțește means goes numb / becomes numb.

It comes from a amorți, which can mean:

• to numb something
• or to become numb, depending on context

In this sentence, gingia amorțește is intransitive, so it means the gum itself is becoming numb.

That is why English often translates it as:

• the gum goes numb quickly
• or the gum becomes numb quickly

Romanian often prefers an active-looking verb where English may use a passive or a different structure.

So:

• gingia amorțește = literally the gum numbs / becomes numb
• natural English: the gum goes numb

This is very common across languages: the same idea is expressed with different grammar, not word-for-word equivalents.

Repede is an adverb meaning quickly / fast. It modifies the verb amorțește:

• amorțește repede = goes numb quickly

So it tells you how fast the gum becomes numb.

A learner should notice that Romanian often uses repede where English might say either quickly or fast, depending on style.

The comma separates the subordinate clause introduced by cu toate că from the main clause.

Structure:

• Cu toate că injecția doare, = subordinate concessive clause
• gingia amorțește repede. = main clause

This is similar to English:

• Although the injection hurts, the gum goes numb quickly.

So the comma helps mark the contrast and the clause boundary.

Yes. Romanian is fairly flexible here. You could also say:

• Gingia amorțește repede, cu toate că injecția doare.

That still means the same thing: the gum goes numb quickly, although the injection hurts.

The original version puts the contrast first, which is often a natural way to present the sentence.

Yes, gingia is singular: the gum.

Romanian can use the singular when talking about gum tissue in a general or local sense. English often prefers the gums in broader medical contexts, but the gum is also possible when talking about a specific area.

So gingia amorțește repede is perfectly natural Romanian.

A rough guide:

• injecția ≈ in-yek-tsi-a
• doare ≈ dwa-re
• gingia ≈ jin-ji-a
• amorțește ≈ a-mor-tsehsh-te

A few helpful details:

• ț sounds like ts
• ș sounds like sh
• ă is a short central vowel, something like the a in sofa
• gi before i/e sounds like English j

So the spelling may look unfamiliar, but the sounds are quite regular once you learn the Romanian letters.