Learn Hardcore Portuguese (Portugal): A farmacêutica recomendou xarope para a tosse e chá morno para a garganta. - The pharmacist recommended syrup for the cough and warm tea for the throat.

Portuguese normally uses the definite article with professions when referring to a specific, identifiable person. A farmacêutica means “the pharmacist” (the one we’re talking about).

A farmacêutica recomendou... = that particular pharmacist recommended...
Uma farmacêutica recomendou... = some pharmacist (unspecified) recommended...
Farmacêuticos recomendam... = pharmacists (in general) recommend...

Is farmacêutica the feminine form? What’s the masculine?

Yes. A farmacêutica is feminine; the masculine is o farmacêutico. The article and any adjectives agree:

A farmacêutica foi simpática.
O farmacêutico foi simpático.

Can I say farmacista instead of farmacêutica in Portugal?

Yes, farmacista is understood and acceptable. In Portugal, farmacêutico/a is very common and often preferred to refer to the qualified professional. The shop is a farmácia.

What tense is recomendou, and what would other past tenses mean?

Recomendou is the 3rd person singular of the pretérito perfeito (simple past), a single completed action. Other options:

Recomendava (imperfect): was recommending/used to recommend (background or habitual).
Tem recomendado (present perfect in European Portuguese): has been recommending (repeatedly up to now). Examples:
A farmacêutica recomendou xarope... (once).
A farmacêutica recomendava xarope... (habitually in the past).

Where is the “to me/to him” part? How would I include an indirect object?

It’s implicit. To include it, use a pronoun:

European Portuguese (default enclisis): A farmacêutica recomendou-me xarope...; recomendou-lhe xarope...
Brazilian Portuguese (common proclisis): A farmacêutica me recomendou xarope...; lhe recomendou xarope...

Why is there no article before xarope and chá? Should it be um xarope / um chá?

Without an article, xarope and chá are generic/unspecified (“cough syrup” and “warm tea” as remedies). You can add um to mean a particular unit or serving:

Recomendou um xarope para a tosse (a specific bottle/type).
Recomendou um chá morno (a cup/serving). Using o would refer to a specific, previously known item.

Is xarope countable?

Both. As a mass noun: Recomendou xarope para a tosse. As a countable item (type/bottle/dose): Comprei dois xaropes.

Why is it para a tosse and not de tosse? Could I use contra a tosse?

Para a tosse expresses purpose (“for cough/coughing”).
De marks composition/source (e.g., chá de limão = tea made of lemon), so xarope de tosse would be wrong.
Contra a tosse is also idiomatic and means “against cough,” focusing on combating it. All of these are fine: xarope para a tosse, remédio contra a tosse.

Why para a garganta and not para a dor de garganta or para a minha garganta?

Para a garganta is a natural shorthand meaning “good for the throat” in general.
Para a dor de garganta targets the condition “sore throat.”
Portuguese typically uses the definite article with body parts, not a possessive, when the possessor is clear from context: Dói-me a garganta (“My throat hurts”), not usually a minha garganta unless you want to emphasize possession.

Why morno and not morna? And where do adjectives go?

Chá is masculine, so the adjective is masculine: chá morno. Adjectives usually follow the noun in Portuguese. With feminine nouns you’d have água morna. Putting it before the noun (morno chá) is unnatural here.

What exactly does morno mean compared with quente?

Morno = warm/lukewarm (pleasantly warm, around body temperature; not hot). Quente = hot. A pharmacist says chá morno to avoid scalding your throat.

Do I need a comma before e?

No. Portuguese does not normally use a comma before e when simply linking two coordinated items: xarope ... e chá ... (no comma).

Any pronunciation and spelling tips for the key words?

xarope: initial x = “sh” sound; EP approx: sha-ROP-ɨ (stress on RO).
chá: “shah”; the acute accent marks stress/open vowel.
tosse: TOSS-ɨ; double ss gives an unvoiced /s/; single s between vowels would sound like /z/.
garganta: gar-GAN-tɐ; the single r between vowels is a quick tap.
farmacêutica: far-ma-SEW-ti-kɐ; the circumflex on ê marks a closed vowel and the stressed syllable.

Could I use other verbs like sugerir or aconselhar?

Yes:

A farmacêutica sugeriu xarope... (suggested)
A farmacêutica aconselhou chá morno... (advised) Syntax may shift slightly (e.g., aconselhar algo a alguém or aconselhar alguém a fazer algo), but all are natural in this context.