Czy możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika?

Czy is a question particle. It signals that the sentence is a yes/no question.

So:

• Możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika. = You can throw this bag into the bin.
• Czy możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika? = Can you throw this bag into the bin?

In everyday speech, Polish speakers sometimes leave czy out and rely on intonation:

• Możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika?

That is still completely natural.

Możesz is the 2nd person singular form of móc, meaning to be able to / can.

It agrees with an understood you:

• ja mogę = I can
• ty możesz = you can
• on/ona może = he/she can

So Czy możesz... ? means Can you... ?

Polish often leaves out the subject pronoun ty, because the verb ending already shows who the subject is.

Because Polish usually omits subject pronouns when they are clear from the verb form.

• możesz already means you can
• so ty is unnecessary

You could say:

• Czy ty możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika?

but that usually adds emphasis, for example if you want to stress you specifically.

Wyrzucić means to throw out, to throw away, or to dispose of.

In this sentence it means something like:

• throw the bag away
• take the bag to the bin
• put the bag in the trash

It is a very common verb for rubbish, old objects, packaging, etc.

Examples:

• Wyrzuć to. = Throw this away.
• Muszę wyrzucić śmieci. = I have to take out the trash.

This is about aspect, which is very important in Polish verbs.

• wyrzucić = perfective
• wyrzucać = imperfective

Here, wyrzucić is used because the speaker is asking about one completed action: getting rid of that specific bag.

So:

• Czy możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika? = Can you throw this bag away?
  Focus: one complete act

Compare:

• wyrzucać śmieci = to be throwing out trash / to throw out trash regularly
• wyrzucić śmieci = to throw out the trash once, successfully

English often does not mark this difference as clearly, but Polish does.

Worek means bag or sack, and it is a masculine noun.

Because it is masculine singular, the demonstrative this is:

• ten worek = this bag

Compare:

• ta torba = this bag (if the noun is feminine, like torba)
• to wiadro = this bucket (neuter)

So ten matches the gender of worek.

Because worek is the direct object, so it goes into the accusative case.

For a masculine inanimate noun like worek, the accusative singular is the same as the nominative singular:

• nominative: worek
• accusative: worek

That is why you see:

• ten worek

not ten worka

If it were a masculine animate noun, the accusative would usually look different.

The preposition do takes the genitive case.

So:

• śmietnik = bin / trash can / dumpster
• do śmietnika = into the bin / to the trash

The form changes like this:

• nominative: śmietnik
• genitive: śmietnika

This is very common in Polish:

• do domu = to the house / home
• do sklepu = to the shop
• do pokoju = into the room

It depends on context.

Śmietnik can refer to:

• a trash bin
• a garbage container
• a dumpster
• the place where rubbish is thrown away

In this sentence, do śmietnika most naturally means into the bin / trash can / garbage container.

Depending on the situation, a Polish speaker might also say:

• do kosza = into the bin
• do kosza na śmieci = into the trash can

So śmietnik can sometimes sound a bit bigger or more general than kosz, but in everyday speech there is some overlap.

Yes, it is normal and polite enough in everyday situations, especially with someone you know well.

• Czy możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika? = Can you throw this bag away?

But it is not especially formal. More polite versions include:

• Czy mógłbyś wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika? = Could you throw this bag away?
• Czy mógłby Pan wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika? = Could you throw this bag away, sir?
• Czy mogłaby Pani wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika? = Could you throw this bag away, ma’am?

So the original is good for family, friends, flatmates, coworkers in an informal setting, and similar contexts.

Yes. Polish word order is relatively flexible, though not completely free.

The neutral order here is:

• Czy możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika?

But you may also hear:

• Czy możesz ten worek wyrzucić do śmietnika?
• Ten worek możesz wyrzucić do śmietnika?
• Możesz wyrzucić ten worek do śmietnika?

These versions can sound slightly different in emphasis, but the basic meaning stays the same.

The original version is a very natural default.

It suggests a sack or larger bag, often one containing rubbish.

So in this sentence, ten worek probably means something like:

• a garbage bag
• a sack of trash
• a larger bag that needs to be thrown out

If you meant an ordinary handbag or shopping bag, you might use other words:

• torba = bag
• reklamówka = plastic shopping bag
• torebka = small bag / purse

So worek is a good choice if the context is taking out trash.

A few parts may be tricky for English speakers:

• ś is a soft sh-like sound
• rz is usually pronounced like ż
• ć is a soft ch-like sound

Very rough approximations:

• śmietnika ≈ shmyeht-NEE-ka
• wyrzucić ≈ vih-zhoo-cheech

A few notes:

• In wyrzucić, the wy- is not like English why
• Stress in Polish usually falls on the second-to-last syllable
• So the stress is:
  • wy-RZU-cić
  • śmiet-NI-ka

These are only rough guides, but they can help at first.

A few common alternatives are:

• Możesz wyrzucić ten worek? = Can you throw this bag away?
• Wyrzucisz ten worek? = Will you throw this bag away?
• Czy mógłbyś wyrzucić ten worek? = Could you throw this bag away?
• Możesz to wrzucić do śmietnika? = Can you throw this into the bin?

A very common phrase is also:

• wyrzucić śmieci = to take out the trash

So depending on the context, a Polish speaker might simply say:

• Możesz wyrzucić śmieci? = Can you take out the trash?