Od rana do obiadu pracuję w ogrodzie.

Rano by itself means in the morning.

But after od, Polish normally uses a different form, so the fixed expression is od rana, meaning since morning or from early morning.

Compare:

• Rano pracuję w ogrodzie. = I work in the garden in the morning.
• Od rana pracuję w ogrodzie. = I have been working / I work in the garden since morning.

It is best to learn od rana as a set phrase.

Because do requires the genitive case.

The dictionary form is obiad. After do, it changes to obiadu.

So:

• obiad = lunch / dinner
• do obiadu = until lunch / until dinner

This is a very common pattern in Polish:

• do domu = to home / homeward
• do szkoły = to school
• do wieczora = until evening

It can correspond to either one, depending on cultural context.

In Polish, obiad usually means the main cooked meal of the day, often eaten around midday or in the afternoon. Because meal timing differs between cultures, English translations vary:

• sometimes lunch
• sometimes dinner

So in this sentence, do obiadu means until the main midday meal.

Pracuję is:

• 1st person singular
• present tense
• from the verb pracować = to work

So it means I work or I am working.

Polish present tense often covers both the English simple present and present continuous, depending on context. That is why pracuję can mean either:

• I work
• I’m working

Because Polish usually drops subject pronouns when they are not needed.

The ending -ę in pracuję already shows that the subject is I.

So:

• pracuję = I work / I am working
• ja pracuję = I work, with extra emphasis on I

You would add ja only if you want contrast or emphasis, for example:

• Ja pracuję, a on odpoczywa. = I’m working, and he’s resting.

Because w meaning in or inside takes the locative case when it describes location.

The basic form is ogród = garden. After w, it becomes w ogrodzie = in the garden.

So:

• ogród = garden
• w ogrodzie = in the garden

This use is about being in a place, not moving into it.

Not here.

• w ogrodzie means in the garden and describes location
• do ogrodu means to the garden / into the garden and describes movement toward it

So:

• Pracuję w ogrodzie. = I work in the garden.
• Idę do ogrodu. = I’m going to the garden.

In your sentence, the speaker is already there, so w ogrodzie is the natural choice.

Yes. Polish word order is fairly flexible.

This sentence:

• Od rana do obiadu pracuję w ogrodzie.

could also be:

• Pracuję w ogrodzie od rana do obiadu.
• W ogrodzie pracuję od rana do obiadu.

The basic meaning stays the same, but the emphasis changes.

Starting with Od rana do obiadu puts the time span first, as the main frame for the sentence. It sounds very natural.

It can mean either, depending on context.

Polish present tense is often ambiguous in that way.

It could mean:

• a habit: this is what I do regularly
• a current situation: today, I’m working in the garden from morning until lunch

If you want to make it clearly habitual, you could add something like:

• Codziennie od rana do obiadu pracuję w ogrodzie. = Every day I work in the garden from morning until lunch.

If you want to make it clearly about today:

• Dzisiaj od rana do obiadu pracuję w ogrodzie. = Today I’m working in the garden from morning until lunch.

Because Polish has no articles.

English uses a and the, but Polish does not. Nouns like obiad and ogród appear without any article.

So:

• w ogrodzie can mean in a garden or in the garden
• do obiadu can mean until lunch or until the meal

The exact meaning usually comes from context.

Not exactly.

• do obiadu means up to lunch / until lunch and stresses the end point of an action
• przed obiadem means before lunch and is more general

So:

• Od rana do obiadu pracuję w ogrodzie. = I work in the garden from morning until lunch.
• Przed obiadem pracuję w ogrodzie. = I work in the garden before lunch.

The first version gives a clearer time span.