Na stole leży duże pudło.

Because after na meaning on in a location sentence, Polish usually uses the locative case.

• dictionary form: stół = table
• locative form: stole

So:

• na stole = on the table

If you used na stół, that would normally suggest movement toward the table surface, not location:

• Kładę pudło na stół. = I am putting the box onto the table.

So in your sentence, na stole is correct because the box is already there.

Stole is the locative singular form of stół.

This sentence uses:

• na
  • locative for location: na stole
• duże pudło in the nominative because it is the subject of the sentence

So the structure is roughly:

• Na stole = location phrase
• leży = verb
• duże pudło = subject

Leży comes from leżeć, which means to lie or to be lying.

Polish often uses position verbs where English might just say is:

• leżeć = lie / be lying
• stać = stand / be standing
• wisieć = hang / be hanging

So Na stole leży duże pudło gives the idea that the box is lying there, physically resting on the table.

You could say:

• Na stole jest duże pudło.

That is also grammatical, but it is more neutral: There is a big box on the table.

Using leży is more vivid and more specifically describes the box’s position.

Because duże has to agree with pudło.

In Polish, adjectives must match the noun in:

• gender
• number
• case

Pudło is:

• neuter
• singular
• nominative

So the adjective must also be neuter singular nominative:

• masculine: duży
• feminine: duża
• neuter: duże

That is why we get:

• duże pudło = a big box

Pudło is neuter.

A very common clue in Polish is that many neuter nouns end in:

• -o
• -e
• -ę

Since pudło ends in -o, it is neuter.

That is why it takes:

• duże instead of duży/duża
• the verb in third person singular, here leży

Pudło means box, but it often sounds like a larger box or a more solid container than pudełko.

Very roughly:

• pudło = box, crate, large box
• pudełko = little box, small box, box in a more ordinary everyday sense

In many contexts, both can be translated as box, but pudło often feels bigger or less diminutive.

So:

• duże pudło = a big box
• duże pudełko would also be possible, but it may sound slightly different in tone or size.

The sentence is:

• Na stole leży duże pudło.

Literally, that is something like:

• On the table lies a big box.

Polish word order is more flexible than English, because case endings show grammatical relationships. This sentence starts with the location phrase na stole, which puts focus on where the box is.

A more neutral subject-first version would be:

• Duże pudło leży na stole.

Both are correct. The difference is mostly about emphasis:

• Na stole leży duże pudło. = emphasis on the place / scene-setting
• Duże pudło leży na stole. = emphasis on the box

Yes. Duże pudło is the subject.

You can tell because it is in the nominative case, and the verb agrees with it in number:

• duże pudło = nominative singular
• leży = third person singular

So the core of the sentence is:

• pudło leży = the box lies / is lying

And na stole just tells you where.

Because Polish does not have articles like English a/an and the.

So duże pudło can mean:

• a big box
• the big box

The exact meaning depends on context.

That is very normal in Polish. Learners often want to add a word for the, but there usually is no separate word for it.

Mostly a state.

In this sentence, leży does not really mean the box is actively performing an action. It means the box is in a lying position or is located there.

So it is closer to:

• is lying
• lies
• is sitting there in that position

Polish often uses these position verbs to describe how something is situated, not just what it is doing.

Yes, absolutely. In Polish, leżeć is very commonly used for objects.

For example:

• Książka leży na stole. = The book is lying on the table.
• Telefon leży na biurku. = The phone is lying on the desk.

So using leży with pudło is perfectly natural.

A rough English-friendly guide:

• leży ≈ LEH-zhih
• duże ≈ DOO-zheh

A few sound notes:

• ż sounds like the s in measure or the g in genre
• y is a Polish vowel that does not exist exactly in English; it is not the same as English ee
• e is like e in met, though pronunciation can vary slightly by speaker

So:

• leży = LEH-zhy
• duże = DOO-zhe

Yes, you could.

• Na stole znajduje się duże pudło. = There is a big box on the table / A big box is located on the table.

But this sounds more formal or descriptive. In everyday speech, leży or jest is more natural.

Compare:

• Na stole leży duże pudło. = natural, vivid, everyday
• Na stole jest duże pudło. = simple, neutral
• Na stole znajduje się duże pudło. = more formal, more like written description