Ta fryzjerka zawsze pyta, jaką fryzurę wolę.

Because fryzjerka is a feminine singular noun in the nominative case, and the demonstrative adjective ten has to agree with it.

So:

• ten = masculine singular
• ta = feminine singular
• to = neuter singular

Since fryzjerka means female hairdresser and is feminine, you get:

• ta fryzjerka = this hairdresser

Polish adjectives and demonstratives must match the noun in gender, number, and case.

• fryzjer = a male hairdresser / sometimes hairdresser in a general sense
• fryzjerka = a female hairdresser

In this sentence, fryzjerka is specifically feminine, so the sentence is talking about a woman.

Pyta is the 3rd person singular present tense of pytać (to ask).

So:

• ja pytam = I ask
• ty pytasz = you ask
• on/ona pyta = he/she asks

Since the subject is ta fryzjerka (this hairdresser), the verb must be pyta.

Because pytać is imperfective, and it fits the idea of a repeated/habitual action.

The sentence says zawsze (always), so it describes something that happens regularly:

• Ta fryzjerka zawsze pyta... = she always asks...

If you used zapyta, that would be a perfective verb and would usually refer to a single completed act of asking, often in the future:

• zapyta = she will ask / she asks once and completes the action

So with zawsze, pyta is the natural choice.

Because jaką fryzurę wolę is a subordinate clause — more specifically, an indirect question.

Polish normally uses a comma before subordinate clauses, including clauses introduced by words like:

• że = that
• czy = whether/if
• jak = how
• jaki/jaką = what kind of / which

So the comma is required here:

• Ta fryzjerka zawsze pyta, jaką fryzurę wolę.

Because both words are in the accusative singular feminine.

The verb woleć (to prefer) takes a direct object, and here the object is fryzurę (hairstyle). Since fryzura is feminine singular, its accusative form is:

• fryzura → fryzurę

The word jaką comes from jaka/jaki and must agree with fryzurę in gender, number, and case:

• jaka fryzura = what kind of hairstyle / which hairstyle
• jaką fryzurę = what kind of hairstyle / which hairstyle (accusative)

Because it is the direct object of wolę.

For many feminine nouns ending in -a, the accusative singular changes to -ę:

• fryzura → fryzurę
• kawa → kawę
• książka → książkę

So in jaką fryzurę wolę, the thing being preferred is in the accusative.

For the same reason: it has to match fryzurę.

Since fryzurę is:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

the matching form is jaką.

Compare:

• jaka fryzura? = what kind of hairstyle? / which hairstyle?
• widzę jaką fryzurę = I see what kind of hairstyle
• wolę jaką fryzurę would need jaką, not jaka

In this sentence, jaką is the correct agreeing form before fryzurę.

It can feel like either, depending on context.

jaki / jaka / jakie often means:

• what kind of
• which

So jaką fryzurę wolę can be understood as:

• what hairstyle I prefer
• which hairstyle I prefer

In English, the best wording depends on context, but in Polish jaką is very natural here.

Sometimes, yes, but the nuance is different.

• jaką fryzurę = what kind of hairstyle / which hairstyle
• którą fryzurę = which hairstyle out of a more specific set of options

So if the hairdresser is asking generally about your preference, jaką fryzurę is natural.

If there are several clearly defined hairstyles on a chart or in photos, którą fryzurę might sound more specific.

Wolę is the 1st person singular present tense of woleć (to prefer).

So:

• ja wolę = I prefer
• ty wolisz = you prefer
• on/ona woli = he/she prefers

The embedded clause means which hairstyle I prefer, so the verb has to be wolę.

Polish often drops subject pronouns when they are clear from the verb ending.

The ending -ę in wolę already tells you the subject is I.

So:

• wolę = I prefer

You can say ja wolę, but that usually adds emphasis or contrast:

• jaką fryzurę ja wolę = which hairstyle I prefer

In a normal sentence, leaving out ja is more natural.

Because jaką fryzurę wolę is the normal word order for an embedded question in Polish.

It mirrors the structure of a direct question:

• Jaką fryzurę wolisz? = Which hairstyle do you prefer?

In the indirect version:

• ...pyta, jaką fryzurę wolę. = ...asks which hairstyle I prefer.

Putting wolę first would sound unnatural here.

Yes, Polish word order is fairly flexible, but the original version is the most neutral:

• Ta fryzjerka zawsze pyta, jaką fryzurę wolę.

You could change the order for emphasis, for example:

• Zawsze ta fryzjerka pyta, jaką fryzurę wolę.
• Jaką fryzurę wolę, ta fryzjerka zawsze pyta. — much more marked, not neutral

So yes, word order can change, but the original is the standard, natural version.

Zawsze means always and describes how often the hairdresser asks.

It usually goes before the verb it modifies:

• zawsze pyta = always asks

So the sentence means that this is her regular habit.

Sometimes in real usage, yes. Polish ten / ta / to often covers both this and that, depending on context.

So:

• ta fryzjerka most literally = this hairdresser
• but in context it can also refer to that hairdresser

If Polish wants to make the distinction clearer, it can use words like:

• ta = this/that
• tamta = that one over there / that other one

So ta fryzjerka is often just that/this hairdresser currently being referred to.

Not quite.

• lubić = to like
• woleć = to prefer

So:

• Lubię tę fryzurę. = I like this hairstyle.
• Wolę tę fryzurę. = I prefer this hairstyle.

In your sentence, the hairdresser is asking about a preference, not just whether you like something.

It is in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the sentence.

You can see that in:

• ta — nominative feminine singular
• fryzjerka — nominative feminine singular

The subject is the person doing the action:

• Ta fryzjerka always asks...

It is in the accusative case, because it is the object of wolę.

In the clause:

• jaką fryzurę wolę

the thing being preferred is fryzurę, so accusative is needed.

That is why you see:

• jaką instead of jaka
• fryzurę instead of fryzura

Yes. Polish does not need a separate word like English that here.

English might say:

• She always asks what hairstyle I prefer.

Polish simply uses the indirect question:

• ...pyta, jaką fryzurę wolę.

So the clause is complete without adding anything else.

The direct version would be:

• Jaką fryzurę wolisz? = Which hairstyle do you prefer?

In your sentence, that direct question is turned into reported/embedded form:

• Ta fryzjerka zawsze pyta, jaką fryzurę wolę.

Notice the verb changes because the speaker changes:

• wolisz = you prefer
• wolę = I prefer

Wolę is pronounced roughly like VO-weh with a nasalized final vowel, though in everyday speech the nasal quality can be weaker depending on position and speaker.

The ę is not random — it is part of the verb ending for 1st person singular present in many verbs:

• robię = I do
• widzę = I see
• wolę = I prefer

So the -ę ending helps show that the subject is I.

Yes, it is completely natural.

• Ta fryzjerka = this/that hairdresser
• zawsze pyta = always asks
• jaką fryzurę wolę = what/which hairstyle I prefer

It sounds like normal everyday Polish and is a good example of:

• agreement
• present tense
• an embedded question
• accusative forms in a subordinate clause