Breakdown of Oni odkładają książki na półkę po lekcji.
Questions & Answers about Oni odkładają książki na półkę po lekcji.
In Polish the subject pronoun is usually optional, because the verb ending already shows the person and number.
- Oni odkładają… – fully correct, slightly more explicit, may be used for emphasis or clarity (e.g., contrasting they with someone else).
- Odkładają książki na półkę po lekcji. – also fully correct and very natural, especially in context where it’s clear who they are.
So Oni is not grammatically required; it’s there for clarity or emphasis, not necessity.
Polish has two main forms for “they”:
- oni – used for:
- a group that includes at least one male person
- a mixed group of people (men + women)
- sometimes for groups of people where gender is unknown
- one – used for:
- a group of only women
- groups of things/animals that are grammatically feminine or neuter plural
Examples:
- Oni odkładają książki – a group of boys, or boys + girls.
- One odkładają książki – only girls (or e.g. only cats, only tables, depending on grammatical gender).
In your sentence Oni suggests that the group either includes at least one male or is treated as a mixed/masculine group.
Odkładają is:
- person/number: 3rd person plural (“they”)
- tense: present
- aspect: imperfective
Because it’s imperfective present, it can correspond to:
- English present continuous: They are putting the books away…
- English simple present (habitual): They put the books away (after class).
Polish doesn’t have a separate continuous form; context decides whether it’s “do regularly” or “are doing now.”
All are forms of odkładać / odłożyć (“to put away / to put back”):
- odkładają – present, imperfective
- “they are putting away / they (usually) put away”
- odłożą – future, perfective
- “they will put away (once, at some point in the future)”
- odłożyli – past, perfective, masculine-personal plural
- “they put away / they have put away (completed action in the past)”
Imperfective (odkładać) – process, repeated actions, habits.
Perfective (odłożyć) – single, completed action, result-focused.
Both verbs involve placing something somewhere, but their meanings differ:
- kłaść (3rd pl: kładą) – “to lay, to put (down)”
- Neutral placing: Kładą książki na stół. – They put books on the table.
- odkładać / odłożyć (3rd pl: odkładają) – “to put away, to put back (where it belongs)”
- Implies returning something to its usual place, or putting it aside.
- Oni odkładają książki na półkę. – They put the books back on the shelf (after using them).
In your sentence, odkładają fits better because students are likely returning the books to the shelf after class.
Książki is:
- nominative plural: (te) książki – “(these) books”
- accusative plural: Widzę książki – “I see books”
In your sentence:
- odkładają (co?) książki – the verb “odkładać” takes a direct object in the accusative.
For inanimate feminine nouns like książka, the nominative plural and accusative plural have the same form: książki.
So grammatically it’s accusative plural, but it just happens to look identical to the nominative plural form.
The preposition na can take:
- accusative – for movement onto/into something (direction)
- locative – for location on/in something (no movement)
Compare:
- Kładą książki na półkę. – They are putting books onto the shelf. (movement → accusative)
- Książki są na półce. – The books are on the shelf. (location → locative)
Here we have movement toward the shelf, so na + półkę:
- półka (shelf) – nominative singular
- półkę – accusative singular
Hence: na półkę = “onto the shelf.”
The preposition po has different case rules depending on meaning:
po + locative → “after (in time)”
- po lekcji – after the lesson
- po pracy – after work
- po obiedzie – after lunch
po + accusative (less common, more colloquial/regional) can mean “in search of / to get”
- Idę po lekcję – would sound strange here; it would not mean “after class.”
- More natural examples: Idę po chleb – I’m going (to get) bread.
In your sentence we mean “after the class (in time),” so we use po + locative:
- lekcja – nominative singular
- lekcji – locative singular
→ po lekcji = “after class / after the lesson.”
Polish often uses the singular to refer to a type of event that happens regularly:
- po lekcji – after (the) lesson / after class
- po pracy – after work
- po obiedzie – after lunch
If you said po lekcjach (locative plural), it would mean “after the classes” (as in several different lessons that day), and is possible in some contexts, but the neutral, habitual school context usually uses the singular: po lekcji.
Polish word order is relatively flexible, especially compared to English. All of these are grammatically correct:
- Oni odkładają książki na półkę po lekcji. (neutral)
- Po lekcji odkładają książki na półkę.
- Po lekcji oni odkładają książki na półkę.
- Książki odkładają na półkę po lekcji.
The differences are mainly about emphasis:
- Starting with Po lekcji emphasizes the time: After class, they put the books away.
- Starting with Książki puts focus on the books.
In everyday speech, your original order is very natural, but moving po lekcji to the front is also perfectly fine.
Polish has no articles (a/an/the). The form książki can mean:
- “books”
- “the books”
- “some books”
The exact meaning comes from context, not from a word like “the.” In a typical classroom context, Oni odkładają książki na półkę po lekcji most naturally implies the books that they were using.
If you really need to be explicit, you can add words like:
- te książki – these books
- tamte książki – those books
- swoje książki – their (own) books
Yes. Because it’s the imperfective present, odkładają can mean:
- A current, ongoing action:
- “Right now, after class, they are putting the books away.”
- A regular, habitual action:
- “After class, they (always) put the books away.”
Polish doesn’t use a separate continuous tense form. Context (like whether you’re describing a routine vs a one-time event) tells the listener how to interpret it.
You’d normally use the perfective future to express a single future action:
- Oni odłożą książki na półkę po lekcji.
Breakdown:
- odłożą – they will put away (perfective future of odłożyć)
- książki – books (accusative plural)
- na półkę – onto the shelf
- po lekcji – after class
The dictionary (infinitive) form is odkładać (“to put away / to put back”).
Present tense conjugation (imperfective):
- ja odkładam – I put away / am putting away
- ty odkładasz – you (sg.) put away
- on/ona/ono odkłada – he/she/it puts away
- my odkładamy – we put away
- wy odkładacie – you (pl.) put away
- oni/one odkładają – they put away
So odkładają is the 3rd person plural present tense form.