Kostnaden påvirker omfanget.

Because kostnaden is the definite singular form of the noun.

• en kostnad = a cost
• kostnaden = the cost

Norwegian often uses the definite form where English might also use the, especially when the thing is already known from context.

So in this sentence, kostnaden means the cost.

For the same reason: omfanget is the definite singular form.

• et omfang = a scope / an extent
• omfanget = the scope / the extent

The noun omfang is a neuter noun, so its definite ending is -et.

You usually have to learn the gender together with the noun.

• en kostnad
• et omfang

This matters because gender affects the article and the definite ending:

• common gender: en kostnad → kostnaden
• neuter gender: et omfang → omfanget

There is not always a reliable rule from meaning alone, so it is best to memorize nouns with their article.

Because Norwegian verbs do not change according to the subject the way English verbs sometimes do.

The present tense form is the same for all persons:

• jeg påvirker
• du påvirker
• han/hun påvirker
• vi påvirker
• de påvirker

So påvirker simply means affects / is affecting, depending on context.

The infinitive is å påvirke.

Examples:

• å påvirke = to affect
• kostnaden påvirker omfanget = the cost affects the scope

The present tense is formed here by changing påvirke to påvirker.

Because Norwegian does not use an extra helper word like English does in normal present-tense statements.

English:

• The cost affects the scope.

Norwegian:

• Kostnaden påvirker omfanget.

The verb påvirker already carries the present-tense meaning, so no extra word is needed.

Yes. In this sentence:

• Kostnaden = the subject
• påvirker = the verb
• omfanget = the direct object

So the structure is:

Subject + Verb + Object

That is a very normal word order in Norwegian main clauses.

Sometimes, yes, depending on context and how natural the English translation is meant to sound.

Grammatically, the Norwegian sentence has definite nouns:

• kostnaden = the cost
• omfanget = the scope

But in real translation, English may choose a more general-sounding version like Cost affects scope if that fits the context better.

So the Norwegian form is definite, even if the most natural English translation is occasionally less explicit.

Normally, that would sound odd in standard Norwegian.

For this sentence, the definite forms kostnaden and omfanget sound much more natural because the sentence is probably talking about a specific cost and a specific scope, or about those concepts as understood in context.

Norwegian often prefers definite forms in cases where English may be more flexible.

Omfang usually means scope, extent, or size in an abstract sense.

Depending on context, omfanget could mean:

• the scope
• the extent
• the scale

For example, in a project context, omfanget often means the scope of the project.

No, påvirke is normally used directly with an object.

Pattern:

• noe påvirker noe
• something affects something

So:

• Kostnaden påvirker omfanget

There is no preposition between the verb and omfanget.

This is similar to English affect, which also takes a direct object.

Yes, but the verb usually stays in the second position in a main clause.

The basic sentence is:

• Kostnaden påvirker omfanget.

You could also front another element in a larger sentence, but then the verb still comes second. For example:

• I dette prosjektet påvirker kostnaden omfanget.

Here:

• I dette prosjektet is first
• påvirker is still second
• kostnaden comes after the verb

This is an important Norwegian word-order rule called V2 word order.

A rough guide for an English speaker is:

• på sounds somewhat like paw
• vir has an i sound like a short ee
• ker ends with a light er sound

Very roughly: PAW-vir-ker

A few useful pronunciation notes:

• å is a rounded vowel, somewhat like the vowel in British thought for many speakers
• the r is pronounced, but exactly how depends on dialect
• stress is usually on the first syllable: PÅvirker

Yes. A passive version would be:

Omfanget påvirkes av kostnaden.

That means:

• The scope is affected by the cost.

Compare:

• active: Kostnaden påvirker omfanget.
• passive: Omfanget påvirkes av kostnaden.

The original sentence is active and more direct.