Protokollen viser vedtaket og kostnadsoverslaget.

Those endings mark the definite form in Norwegian, like the in English.

• protokoll → protokollen = the protocol / the minutes / the record
• vedtak → vedtaket = the decision / the resolution
• kostnadsoverslag → kostnadsoverslaget = the cost estimate

Norwegian usually adds definiteness to the end of the noun instead of using a separate word like English the.

The different endings depend mainly on the noun’s gender:

• -en is common with many masculine/common-gender nouns
• -et is common with many neuter nouns

So here:

• protokoll is a common-gender noun → protokollen
• vedtak and kostnadsoverslag are neuter nouns → vedtaket, kostnadsoverslaget

It can be, but in this kind of sentence protokollen often means something like:

• the minutes
• the official record
• the written record of a meeting or decision

In administrative, legal, or formal contexts, Norwegian protokoll is often broader than everyday English protocol. So even if protocol is a possible translation, minutes or record may sound more natural in English depending on context.

Viser is the present tense of å vise.

So:

• å vise = to show
• viser = shows / is showing

Norwegian present tense is often quite simple. For many verbs, you add -r to the infinitive base:

• å vise → viser
• å snakke → snakker
• å bo → bor

In this sentence, viser is the main verb: shows.

This is normal Norwegian main clause word order:

subject + verb + object

So:

• Protokollen = subject
• viser = verb
• vedtaket og kostnadsoverslaget = object

That gives:

Protokollen viser vedtaket og kostnadsoverslaget.

Norwegian is a V2 language, which means the finite verb is usually in the second position in main clauses. In this sentence, the subject comes first, so the verb naturally comes second.

Because Norwegian usually expresses the by attaching it to the noun itself.

Compare:

• English: the decision

• Norwegian: vedtaket

• English: the cost estimate
• Norwegian: kostnadsoverslaget

A separate word such as den/det/de is usually not needed unless something else is going on, especially with adjectives.

For example:

• vedtaket = the decision
• det endelige vedtaket = the final decision

That pattern with both a separate definite word and an ending is called double definiteness, but it does not happen in your sentence because there are no adjectives.

Yes, vedtaket usually means the decision, but in formal or administrative contexts it can be more specific than everyday decision.

A vedtak is often:

• an officially adopted decision
• a formal resolution
• a ruling made by a board, committee, authority, or meeting

So in many contexts, decision is the best translation, but sometimes resolution or formal decision may fit better.

It is a compound noun, which is extremely common in Norwegian.

It is made up of:

• kostnad = cost
• -s- = a linking s
• overslag = estimate

So:

kostnad + s + overslag → kostnadsoverslag

Then the definite ending is added:

kostnadsoverslag + et → kostnadsoverslaget

So the full form means the cost estimate.

This is very normal in Norwegian. Instead of several separate words, Norwegian often combines them into one noun.

That -s- is a linking sound/letter often used in Norwegian compounds. It does not usually have a meaning by itself; it just helps connect the parts of the compound.

So:

• kostnad
  • overslag
• becomes kostnadsoverslag

You will see this in many compounds, but not all of them. Unfortunately, it is not always fully predictable, so learners often just have to get used to common patterns.

Yes. They are two coordinated direct objects linked by og:

• vedtaket
• kostnadsoverslaget

So the sentence structure is basically:

The record shows [the decision] and [the cost estimate].

Both nouns belong to viser.

Not in normal Norwegian if you mean specific things already known in the context.

The original sentence uses the definite forms because it is talking about:

• the record
• the decision
• the cost estimate

If you removed the endings, the meaning would become more general or unnatural in this context:

• protokoll = a protocol / a record
• vedtak = a decision / decisions in general
• kostnadsoverslag = a cost estimate / cost estimates in general

So the definite endings are important here.

Yes, it sounds fairly formal or administrative.

Words like:

• protokollen
• vedtaket
• kostnadsoverslaget

are especially common in:

• meeting minutes
• government texts
• legal writing
• official reports
• business or administrative documents

It is perfectly normal Norwegian, but it is not especially conversational everyday language.

Then Norwegian would usually use double definiteness.

For example:

• vedtaket = the decision
• det endelige vedtaket = the final decision

Notice both:

• the separate definite word: det
• the definite ending on the noun: -et

Similarly:

• kostnadsoverslaget = the cost estimate
• det foreløpige kostnadsoverslaget = the preliminary cost estimate

That is a very important Norwegian pattern.