Learn Hardcore Malay: Saya menganggap awak sudah bersedia kerana awak baru sahaja menyiapkan latihan. - I consider you ready because you have just finished the practice.

bold "awak": Neutral/casual in Malaysia. Fine with peers or people you know.
bold "anda": Formal and impersonal; common in ads, customer service, forms; rare in everyday speech.
bold "kamu": Varies by region; in Malaysia it can sound teacher-to-student or slightly distant/odd in casual speech; more common in Indonesia.
bold "kau/engkau": Very informal/intimate; can sound rude if the relationship isn’t close.
With elders/strangers in Malaysia, it’s often safer to use a title + name (bold "Encik Ali", bold "Puan Farah") or just avoid direct second-person pronouns.

Can I replace bold "saya" with bold "aku" here?

Only if your relationship is very close and you also switch the second-person pronoun (e.g., bold "aku"…bold "kau"). Mixing bold "aku" with bold "awak" is uncommon. Standard safe pairings:

Formal/neutral: bold "saya" – bold "awak/anda"
Intimate: bold "aku" – bold "kau/engkau/kamu"

What exactly does bold "menganggap" mean? Is it more like "assume" or "consider"? Are there more natural options?

bold "Menganggap" means “to regard/consider (someone/something) as …,” a bit deliberate/formal. Alternatives:

bold "Saya rasa/fikir awak sudah bersedia." (I feel/think you’re ready) — most natural in speech.
bold "Saya anggap awak sudah bersedia." — shorter, common in speech/writing too.
bold "Saya menyangka/beranggapan awak sudah bersedia." — “I presume/assume,” can imply a guess.

Do I need bold "bahawa" after bold "menganggap"?

No. bold "Saya menganggap (bahawa) awak sudah bersedia" — bold "bahawa" is optional, more formal/written. In speech it’s usually omitted.

Can I say bold "Saya anggap" instead of bold "Saya menganggap"?

Yes. bold "Saya anggap awak sudah bersedia" is natural and common, especially in speech and neutral writing. bold "Menganggap" reads a bit more formal.

Why bold "sudah bersedia" instead of just bold "bersedia" or bold "sedia"?

bold "sudah" marks “already/already now.”
bold "bersedia" is the verb-like/stative form “to be ready”; bold "sedia" can also mean “ready,” often in set phrases (bold "dah sedia", bold "sedia ada").
So bold "sudah bersedia" = “already ready.” In casual speech: bold "dah sedia".

What’s the difference between bold "sudah", bold "telah", and bold "dah"?

bold "sudah": neutral, common.
bold "telah": formal/written, news reports.
bold "dah": colloquial contraction of bold "sudah". All mean “already/has/have (done)” depending on context.

Is bold "kerana" the same as bold "sebab" or bold "pasal"?

They all mean “because,” but register differs:

bold "kerana": standard/neutral to formal.
bold "sebab": neutral/informal.
bold "pasal": very colloquial (spoken). Your sentence is fine with either bold "kerana" or bold "sebab".

Can I move the reason clause to the front?

Yes:

bold "Kerana awak baru sahaja menyiapkan latihan, saya menganggap awak sudah bersedia." When the bold "kerana" clause comes first, use a comma after it. Both orders are natural.

Do I need to repeat bold "awak" in the second clause? Can I drop it?

You can drop it if the subject is clear from context:

bold "… kerana (awak) baru sahaja menyiapkan latihan." Spoken Malay often omits repeated pronouns, but keeping bold "awak" avoids ambiguity and is good style in careful writing.

Is bold "sahaja" necessary in bold "baru sahaja"? What about bold "baru", bold "baru saja/je", and bold "barulah"?

bold "baru sahaja" and bold "baru" both mean “just (now).” bold "sahaja/saja/je" is optional; it adds emphasis but doesn’t change the meaning.
bold "baru sahaja" (or bold "baru saja/je") = “have just.”
bold "barulah" means “only then/that’s when,” not the same meaning.

Could I say bold "baru lepas buat latihan" or bold "baru habis latihan" instead of bold "baru sahaja menyiapkan latihan"?

Yes, those are very natural in casual speech:

bold "Awak baru lepas buat latihan." (You just did the exercise.)
bold "Awak baru habis latihan." (You just finished the exercise.) The original bold "menyiapkan" is neutral/standard and slightly more careful.

What’s the difference between bold "menyiapkan", bold "menyelesaikan", bold "habis", and bold "siapkan"?

bold "menyiapkan (sesuatu)": to finish/complete something; also “to prepare” something depending on object/context.
bold "menyelesaikan": to complete/resolve (often tasks/problems) — slightly more formal.
bold "habis": intransitive “to be finished/run out” (bold "Latihan dah habis"). As a transitive verb it’s colloquial (bold "Saya habiskan latihan").
bold "siapkan": root + suffix used in colloquial active or imperative (bold "Saya baru siapkan latihan"; bold "Siapkan latihan!"). Standard formal active is bold "menyiapkan".

How is bold "menyiapkan" formed from bold "siap"?

Prefix bold "meN-" + root bold "siap" + suffix bold "-kan".
With bold "meN-", initial bold "s" drops and the prefix surfaces as bold "meny-": bold "meny-" + "iap" → bold "menyiap-", then add bold "-kan" → bold "menyiapkan". This is a regular assimilation rule for bold "meN-".

Do I need an article for bold "latihan"? How do I say “the exercise” or “an exercise”?

Malay has no articles. Context usually suffices:

Generic/unspecified: bold "latihan".
Specific/definite: bold "latihan itu" (that/the exercise), bold "latihan ini" (this exercise).
One exercise: bold "satu latihan" or bold "sebuah latihan" (counting/classifier).

Can I make it clear which exercise by using bold "yang"?

Yes:

bold "… kerana awak baru sahaja menyiapkan latihan yang kita bincangkan tadi."
bold "… latihan yang cikgu beri."
bold "Yang" creates a relative clause to specify the exercise.

Is using both bold "sudah" and bold "baru sahaja" in the same sentence redundant?

No, they modify different clauses:

bold "awak sudah bersedia" (state/result now)
bold "awak baru sahaja menyiapkan latihan" (very recent action) Together they say: you are already ready now because you have just finished the exercise.

How do I say “not ready yet” or “haven’t finished yet”?

Use bold "belum" for “not yet”:

bold "Saya menganggap awak belum bersedia kerana awak belum menyiapkan latihan." Use bold "tidak" for plain negation of verbs/adjectives (not yet-ness comes from bold "belum"), and bold "bukan" to negate nouns.

Is there a softer, more polite way to express the judgment?

Yes:

bold "Saya rasa/nampaknya awak sudah bersedia." (I feel/It seems you’re ready.)
bold "Pada pendapat saya, awak sudah bersedia."
In formal contexts, switch pronouns/titles: bold "Saya rasa Encik/Puan sudah bersedia", or use bold "anda" in writing.

How would this look in Indonesian?

bold "Saya menganggap kamu/Anda sudah siap karena kamu/Anda baru saja menyelesaikan latihan." Differences: bold "karena" (not bold "kerana"), bold "siap" is more common than bold "bersedia", and bold "kamu/Anda" are the usual pronouns (bold "awak" isn’t general Indonesian).