Penyiram ini penuh dengan air.

Penyiram comes from the root siram, which is related to watering, pouring water on something, or sprinkling.

In this sentence, penyiram most naturally means a watering can or a watering device. Depending on context, it could also refer more generally to something used for watering, but watering can is a very natural understanding here.

Malay often leaves out the verb to be in simple sentences like this.

So:

• Penyiram ini penuh dengan air
  literally looks like
• watering can this full with water

But it naturally means:

• This watering can is full of water

This is completely normal in Malay. You do not need a separate word for is here.

In Malay, demonstratives like ini (this) and itu (that) usually come after the noun.

So:

• penyiram ini = this watering can
• rumah itu = that house

This is one of the most basic word-order differences from English.

Malay often puts descriptive words after the noun phrase they describe.

Here:

• penyiram ini = this watering can
• penuh dengan air = full of water

So the whole structure is:

• penyiram ini
  • penuh dengan air
• this watering can
  • full of water

This is a very common pattern in Malay sentences.

Penuh means full, and dengan often means with.

So:

• penuh dengan air literally = full with water

In natural English, we usually say:

• full of water

So even though dengan often translates as with, in this structure the whole phrase is best understood as full of.

Yes, you may hear both.

• penuh dengan air
• penuh air

Both can mean full of water.

However, penuh dengan air sounds a bit more explicit and complete to many learners, and it is a very common pattern. Penuh air can sound a little more compact.

So for learning purposes, penuh dengan air is a very safe and natural phrase.

Yes — in Malay, air means water.

It is not the English word air. This is a very common false friend for English speakers.

Pronunciation is also different: Malay air is usually pronounced something like ah-eer or a-ir, not like English air.

So in this sentence:

• air = water

Penyiram is built from the root siram with the prefix peN-, which often forms a noun connected to the action.

Very roughly:

• siram = to water / to sprinkle
• penyiram = something or someone that waters

The form changes because of sound rules in Malay morphology. You do not always need to memorise all the technical details at first, but it is useful to notice that penyiram is related to the action siram.

It can sometimes refer to either, depending on context.

Because penyiram basically means the one/thing that waters, it could in theory mean:

• a watering can
• a sprinkler
• a person who waters plants

But in a sentence like Penyiram ini penuh dengan air, the meaning is almost certainly an object, because something being full of water strongly suggests a container or device.

A natural negative version is:

• Penyiram ini tidak penuh dengan air.

This means:

• This watering can is not full of water.

Use tidak to negate penuh here.

A natural yes/no question would be:

• Adakah penyiram ini penuh dengan air?

This means:

• Is this watering can full of water?

In casual spoken Malay, people might also simply say:

• Penyiram ini penuh dengan air?

with question intonation.

A simple learner-friendly pronunciation guide is:

• Penyiram ini penuh dengan air
• puh-nyi-ram ee-nee peh-nooh duh-ngan ah-eer

A few notes:

• ny in penyiram sounds like the ny in canyon
• penuh ends with a soft h
• dengan is often pronounced something like dengan or dngan in fast speech
• air does not sound like English air; it has two clear vowel parts