Institor pecuniam exigit et navem onerare vult.

Because institor is in the nominative singular, the case normally used for the subject of a finite verb in Latin.

Here, institor is the person doing both actions:

• exigit = he demands/collects
• vult = he wants

So institor is the subject of both verbs.

Pecuniam is accusative singular.

It is in the accusative because it is the direct object of exigit. In other words, it is the thing being demanded or collected.

A native English speaker can think of it like this:

• institor = the merchant
• exigit = demands/collects
• pecuniam = the money

Latin often marks the direct object with the accusative ending, and here pecunia becomes pecuniam.

Exigit is the 3rd person singular present active indicative of exigere.

In context, it can mean:

• demands
• collects
• exacts

So the idea is that the merchant is requiring or collecting money.

A learner should notice that Latin verbs often cover a range of English meanings. Exigere can suggest not just asking, but pressing for payment or collecting what is owed.

Navem is accusative singular because it is the direct object of onerare.

So the sentence has two different objects:

• pecuniam goes with exigit
• navem goes with onerare

Even though onerare is an infinitive, it still takes its own object just like an ordinary verb does.

Because it depends on vult.

After verbs like volo (I want), Latin commonly uses a complementary infinitive:

• vult onerare = he wants to load

So onerare is the infinitive to load, completing the meaning of vult.

This is very similar to English:

• He wants to load the ship

Because Latin usually expresses to + verb by using the infinitive form itself.

So:

• onerare = to load
• vult onerare = wants to load

English uses two words, but Latin often uses just one form.

The subject of onerare is understood to be the same as the subject of vult, namely institor.

So the meaning is:

• The merchant wants to load the ship

not

• The merchant wants the ship to load

With verbs like vult, if no new subject is introduced, the infinitive usually has the same subject as the main verb.

Both are 3rd person singular present indicative active forms.

• exigit = he/she/it demands/collects
• vult = he/she/it wants

Because the subject is institor, we translate them as he demands and he wants.

Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order because the endings show each word’s role.

Here the order is:

• Institor pecuniam exigit et navem onerare vult

A more literal layout is:

• The merchant money demands and the ship to load wants

That sounds strange in English, but it is normal in Latin.

A few things to notice:

• the object often comes before its verb: pecuniam exigit
• the infinitive often comes before vult: navem onerare vult

Latin word order often helps with emphasis or style rather than basic grammar.

Yes, often it could.

For example, Latin could also say things like:

• Institor exigit pecuniam et vult navem onerare
• Pecuniam institor exigit et navem onerare vult

The exact emphasis may shift a little, but the core meaning stays the same because the case endings make the relationships clear.

That is one of the big differences from English, where word order usually matters much more.

Because Latin does not need to repeat the subject if it is the same person.

Here, institor naturally applies to both finite verbs:

• the merchant demands money
• the merchant wants to load the ship

Latin often avoids repeating nouns when the meaning is already clear.

A learner might parse them like this:

• institor: noun, 3rd declension, nominative singular
• pecuniam: noun, 1st declension, accusative singular of pecunia
• exigit: verb from exigere
• navem: noun, 3rd declension, accusative singular of navis
• onerare: present active infinitive of onerare, a 1st conjugation verb
• vult: verb from velle

This kind of parsing is useful because it shows how the sentence is built grammatically.

Et simply means and and joins the two coordinated actions:

• pecuniam exigit
• navem onerare vult

So the merchant is doing one action and also having another intention.

Latin uses et very much like English and.