Medica puerum monet ut aquam puram bibat, quo guttur celerius sanescat.

Medica is the feminine form, so it means female doctor or woman physician.
Medicus would be masculine, male doctor.

In this sentence, the subject is therefore a woman: medica.

Because moneo, monere often takes a direct object: the person being warned, advised, or reminded.

So in:

Medica puerum monet

the doctor is advising the boy, and that makes puerum the direct object, in the accusative.

A useful pattern is:

aliquem monere ut... = to advise/warn someone to...

Latin often expresses this idea with a subordinate clause rather than an infinitive.

So English:

The doctor advises the boy to drink...

becomes Latin:

Medica puerum monet ut... bibat

Literally, this is closer to:

The doctor advises the boy that he should drink...

After verbs like moneo, hortor, persuadeo, and similar verbs of urging or advising, Latin commonly uses ut + subjunctive.

Because it is in an ut-clause after monet, and this clause shows what the doctor is urging the boy to do.

This is a standard subjunctive clause of indirect command:

• monet = she advises
• ut ... bibat = that he drink / to drink

So bibat is present subjunctive because it depends on monet.

It is an indirect command or substantive clause of purpose.

In simpler learner terms: it is the clause that completes the meaning of monet by saying what the boy is being advised to do.

So:

• Medica puerum monet = The doctor advises the boy
• ut aquam puram bibat = to drink pure water

Latin uses ut + subjunctive for this.

Because both words are the direct object of bibat.

The boy is supposed to drink water, so aquam is accusative singular.
The adjective puram must agree with aquam in:

• gender: feminine
• number: singular
• case: accusative

So:

• nominative: aqua pura
• accusative: aquam puram

Here quo introduces a purpose clause with a comparative.

Latin often uses quo rather than ut when the clause contains a comparative word such as:

• celerius = more quickly
• facilius = more easily
• melius = better

So:

quo guttur celerius sanescat
= so that the throat may heal more quickly

This is a very common Latin pattern.

No. Here quo is not a relative pronoun or adverb of place. It is a conjunction used in a special kind of purpose clause.

So in this sentence, quo means something like:

so that, especially so that ... more

Because the clause contains the comparative celerius, Latin prefers quo.

Because quo guttur celerius sanescat is a purpose clause.

Purpose clauses in Latin normally use:

• ut or quo
• plus the subjunctive

So sanescat is present subjunctive, meaning:

may heal / might heal

Guttur is the subject of sanescat.

So the clause means:

so that the throat may heal more quickly

Even though English might say his throat, Latin does not have to include a possessive pronoun here, because the context already makes it clear that it is the boy’s throat.

Latin often omits possessive words like his, her, or their when the owner is obvious from context.

Here, the doctor is advising the boy to drink water so that the throat heals more quickly. It is naturally understood to be his throat.

Latin prefers not to add unnecessary possessives when the meaning is already clear.

Celerius is the comparative form of celeriter, meaning more quickly.

In form, it comes from the comparative of celer:

• celer = swift
• celerior, celerius = swifter / more swift

The neuter form celerius is commonly used adverbially, so here it means:

more quickly

Latin word order is more flexible because grammatical endings show each word’s function.

So Latin can say:

Medica puerum monet ut aquam puram bibat, quo guttur celerius sanescat.

without needing the strict English order.

Still, the order is not random. It often helps highlight relationships:

• Medica comes first: the subject
• puerum comes early: the person being advised
• aquam puram is grouped together
• celerius is placed near sanescat to emphasize the healing happening more quickly

Yes.

There are really two linked ideas:

1. ut aquam puram bibat
   This is what the doctor advises the boy to do.

2. quo guttur celerius sanescat
   This gives the purpose of drinking the pure water: so that the throat heals more quickly.

So the first subordinate clause depends on monet, while the second explains the purpose or intended result of the drinking.

Yes. A very literal version would be:

by which the throat may heal more quickly

But that sounds unnatural in English here. The idiomatic translation is:

so that the throat may heal more quickly

That is the sense Latin intends.