Etiam discipulus in extremo subsellio sedens vocem magistrae clare audit.

It can mean either, depending on context, but in this sentence it most naturally means even or also with emphasis:

• Etiam discipulus ... audit = Even the student ... hears
• or The student too ... hears

A learner should notice that etiam often adds something to what has already been said. So if other people can hear the teacher, etiam discipulus suggests that the student on the far bench can hear her as well.

Discipulus is in the nominative singular, which is the normal case for the subject of a Latin sentence.

Also, the verb audit means he/she hears, so it needs a singular subject. Discipulus matches that perfectly:

• discipulus = student as subject
• audit = he hears

So discipulus ... audit means the student hears.

Sedens is the present participle of sedere, meaning sitting.

It describes discipulus:

• discipulus sedens = the student sitting

So the phrase

• discipulus in extremo subsellio sedens

means

• the student sitting on the farthest/back bench

Latin often uses a participle where English might use:

• the student sitting ...
• or the student who is sitting ...

Because sedens does not need a separate is. It already works as sitting.

Latin participles often function like English -ing forms used as adjectives:

• vir currens = the running man / the man who is running
• discipulus sedens = the sitting student / the student who is sitting

So Latin does not need to say discipulus est sedens here.

Because in with the ablative usually means in/on a place where someone or something is located, not motion toward it.

So:

• in extremo subsellio = on the far bench / at the end bench

Compare:

• in + ablative = location: in the bench/seat area
• in + accusative = motion into/toward: into the bench/seat area

Since the student is already sitting there, Latin uses the ablative.

Because extremo must agree with subsellio in case, number, and gender.

Here:

• subsellio is ablative singular
• so extremus must also become ablative singular
• that gives extremo

So:

• in extremo subsellio = on the farthest/back bench

This is standard adjective agreement in Latin.

Subsellium means a bench, seat, or school bench. In a classroom context, it often suggests the bench where students sit.

So in extremo subsellio is naturally understood as something like:

• on the back bench
• on the farthest bench
• at the end of the bench

Depending on context, English may translate it more freely than word-for-word.

Because vocem is the direct object of audit.

The verb audire means to hear, so it takes something that is heard:

• audit vocem = he hears the voice

Here:

• vox = voice
• vocem = accusative singular, used because it is the thing being heard

So the student is the one hearing, and vocem is what he hears.

Because magistrae here is genitive singular, meaning of the teacher or the teacher’s.

So:

• vocem magistrae = the voice of the teacher = the teacher’s voice

If it were magistram, that would be the accusative singular of magistra, and it would mean the teacher as a direct object. But that is not the structure here.

In form, yes: magistrae can be either genitive singular or dative singular. But in this sentence it is clearly genitive because it depends on vocem:

• vocem magistrae = the teacher’s voice

A dative meaning like to/for the teacher would not fit naturally with voice here.

So context tells you that magistrae is genitive.

Clare is the adverb from clarus, and it means clearly.

It modifies the verb audit:

• clare audit = he hears clearly

That is why it is clare and not claram or clara. If Latin wanted an adjective, it would have to agree with a noun. But here the word describes how the hearing happens, so an adverb is needed.

Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order because the endings show the grammatical roles.

Putting the verb at the end is very common in Latin, especially in straightforward prose. So:

• Etiam discipulus in extremo subsellio sedens vocem magistrae clare audit

is perfectly normal Latin word order.

English usually prefers:

• Even the student sitting on the back bench hears the teacher’s voice clearly.

Latin, however, can move words around for emphasis without changing the basic meaning.

Yes. Sedens describes discipulus, so it agrees with it in the relevant way:

• discipulus = masculine singular nominative
• sedens = nominative singular participle, matching the subject

With present participles of the third declension, the nominative singular form is often the same for masculine and feminine, so sedens itself does not visibly show masculine. But in context it clearly belongs to discipulus.

Yes. Several English versions are possible, for example:

• Even the student sitting on the back bench hears the teacher’s voice clearly.
• The student too, sitting on the far bench, hears the teacher clearly.
• Even the student seated at the end bench hears the teacher’s voice clearly.

The Latin grammar stays the same, but English may choose slightly different wording depending on what sounds natural.