Magister sensum huius sententiae clare explicat.

Because magister is in the nominative singular, which is the case Latin normally uses for the subject of a sentence.

Also, the verb explicat is third person singular, so it matches a singular subject: the teacher explains.

So:

• magister = the teacher
• explicat = he/she/it explains

Those two naturally go together.

Because sensum is the direct object of explicat. It is the thing being explained.

The noun is:

• nominative: sensus = meaning, sense
• accusative: sensum = meaning, sense as an object

So in this sentence:

• magister explains
• sensum = the meaning

A native English speaker often expects word order to show this, but in Latin the case ending is what tells you the job of the word.

Because it means of this sentence.

Latin often uses the genitive after a noun like sensus to show what something is the meaning of.

So:

• sensum = the meaning
• huius sententiae = of this sentence

Together:

• sensum huius sententiae = the meaning of this sentence

This is very natural Latin.

Because the sentence needs the genitive singular form of hic, haec, hoc.

Here the phrase means of this sentence, so this must also be in the genitive:

• nominative feminine singular: haec = this
• accusative feminine singular: hanc = this
• genitive singular: huius = of this

So:

• haec sententia = this sentence
• huius sententiae = of this sentence

A useful thing to remember is that huius is the genitive singular form for all three genders.

Because it depends on sensum in the phrase the meaning of this sentence.

The noun sententia is first declension:

• nominative singular: sententia
• genitive singular: sententiae

Since the idea is of this sentence, Latin uses:

• huius sententiae

So the case is chosen by the meaning of the whole phrase, not just by the English word sentence by itself.

Clare is an adverb, meaning clearly.

It modifies the verb explicat:

• explicat = explains
• clare explicat = explains clearly

If you used clarus, clara, or clarum, those would be adjectives, not adverbs. Adjectives describe nouns; adverbs describe verbs.

Compare:

• magister clarus = a famous/distinguished teacher, or a clear teacher depending on context
• clare explicat = explains clearly

So clare is the right form because it tells how he explains.

Explicat is:

• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood
• third person singular

It comes from explicare = to explain.

So explicat can mean:

• he explains
• she explains
• it explains
• sometimes in English, depending on context, is explaining

Here, with magister, it means the teacher explains.

Because the Latin present tense often covers both:

• simple present: explains
• progressive present: is explaining

So explicat can be understood either way depending on context.

English makes a stronger distinction:

• he explains
• he is explaining

Latin usually does not need to make that distinction unless the context requires it.

There is no separate word for the, because Latin has no definite article.

So:

• magister can mean teacher or the teacher
• sensum can mean meaning or the meaning

Latin relies on context much more than English does for this.

The word huius does mean of this, but that is a demonstrative, not an article.

Yes, this word order is perfectly normal:

• Magister sensum huius sententiae clare explicat.

Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order because the endings show the grammatical relationships.

This sentence has a very readable pattern:

• subject: magister
• object phrase: sensum huius sententiae
• adverb: clare
• verb: explicat

The verb often comes near the end in Latin, so explicat in final position feels natural.

Other orders are possible, for example:

• Magister clare sensum huius sententiae explicat.
• Sensum huius sententiae magister clare explicat.

These would still mean roughly the same thing, though the emphasis may shift.

Here is the breakdown:

• magister: second declension masculine noun in -er
• sensus / sensum: fourth declension masculine noun
• sententia / sententiae: first declension feminine noun
• hic, haec, hoc / huius: irregular demonstrative pronoun/adjective
• clare: adverb from clarus
• explicat: verb from explicare, first conjugation

This is a good sentence for seeing that Latin endings come from different declension patterns, not just one.

No. Sententia has a wider range of meanings than the English word sentence.

Depending on context, it can mean things like:

• opinion
• judgment
• thought
• idea
• maxim
• sentence

In a classroom or grammar context, sententia is often used for sentence, which is clearly what is meant here.

So a learner should remember the broader meaning, even if this example uses the narrower English translation.

Yes, in this context sensum is best understood as meaning or sense.

The noun sensus can also have other meanings, such as:

• sense
• feeling
• perception

But with explicat and huius sententiae, the idea is clearly:

• the meaning of this sentence

So this is a good example of how Latin vocabulary often has a broader range than a single English word.