Argentarius mercatori pecuniam non facile commodabit, si debitum vetus nondum solutum est.

Because mercatori is the person to whom the money would be lent. With commodare in the sense to lend, Latin often puts:

• the thing lent in the accusative
• the borrower in the dative

So:

• pecuniam = money, the thing being lent
• mercatori = to the merchant, the person receiving it

A very literal structure is: The banker will lend money to the merchant.

Because it is the direct object of commodabit. It is the thing being lent.

So in this sentence:

• Argentarius = subject, the banker/moneylender
• commodabit = verb, will lend
• pecuniam = direct object, money
• mercatori = indirect object, to the merchant

This is a common pattern in Latin: accusative for the thing directly affected by the verb, dative for the person benefiting or receiving.

Commodabit is future tense, third person singular, from commodare.

It means he will lend or he will loan.

The ending -bit is a very common future ending for first-conjugation verbs:

• commodo = I lend
• commodabo = I will lend
• commodabit = he/she/it will lend

Here the subject is argentarius, so commodabit means the banker will lend.

This is normal Latin. In a condition referring to the future, Latin often uses:

• future in the main clause
• present or perfect indicative in the si clause

So:

• commodabit = will lend
• si ... est = if ... is

The idea is: The banker will not readily lend money to the merchant, if the old debt has not yet been paid.

English often does the same thing:

• not if the debt will not be paid
• but if the debt has not been paid / if the debt is not yet paid

So the tense difference is not strange; it is a standard way to express a real future condition.

Solutum est is the perfect passive of solvere.

Here is the breakdown:

• solutum = the perfect passive participle, paid
• est = is/has been

Together, solutum est means has been paid.

So nondum solutum est means has not yet been paid.

This is a very common Latin way to form the perfect passive:

• participle + a form of esse

For example:

• laudatus est = he was praised / has been praised
• solutum est = it was paid / has been paid

Because solutum agrees with debitum, which is neuter singular.

In the phrase debitum vetus nondum solutum est:

• debitum = debt, neuter singular
• vetus = old, agreeing with debitum
• solutum = paid, also agreeing with debitum

Latin participles and adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Since debitum is neuter singular nominative, solutum must also be neuter singular nominative.

Nondum means not yet.

That is stronger and more specific than simple non, which just means not.

So:

• non solutum est = it has not been paid
• nondum solutum est = it has not yet been paid

The word nondum suggests that payment is still expected or possible, but up to this point it has not happened.

Yes. Facile here is an adverb meaning easily, readily, or without difficulty.

So non facile commodabit means something like:

• will not easily lend
• will not readily lend

It does not mean that lending is physically difficult. It means the banker will be reluctant or disinclined to lend under those circumstances.

Latin often uses non facile where English might say:

• not readily
• not willingly
• not very easily

Because Latin adjective position is much freer than English adjective position.

In English, we normally must say old debt, not debt old. In Latin, both noun-adjective and adjective-noun order are possible:

• vetus debitum
• debitum vetus

Both can mean old debt.

Sometimes word order can suggest emphasis or style, but often it is just a matter of Latin idiom and rhythm. A learner should not assume that an adjective after the noun means something very different.

Argentarius originally has to do with silver/money and commonly means:

• banker
• money-dealer
• moneylender

In this sentence, banker or moneylender fits best, since he is deciding whether to lend money.

So argentarius is the person making the loan, not just any merchant or rich man.

Because Latin does not need to add a separate pronoun when the noun is already present.

In English we might think:

• the old debt has not yet been paid
• or it has not yet been paid

Latin simply says:

• debitum vetus nondum solutum est

The participle solutum already agrees with debitum, so the connection is clear. Latin often leaves out pronouns that English would use.

Quite free, because the endings show the grammatical roles.

In this sentence:

• Argentarius is nominative, so it is the subject
• mercatori is dative, so it is the recipient
• pecuniam is accusative, so it is the direct object

Because those roles are marked by case endings, Latin can move the words around more easily than English can.

For example, the basic meaning would still be clear in several orders, such as:

• Argentarius mercatori pecuniam non facile commodabit
• Pecuniam argentarius mercatori non facile commodabit
• Mercatori argentarius pecuniam non facile commodabit

The chosen order often reflects emphasis, balance, or style rather than changing the core meaning.

Yes, that is possible, but in more natural English we usually say:

• if the old debt has not yet been paid
• or if the old debt is still unpaid

The Latin solutum est is perfect passive, so has been paid is often the clearest translation. A very literal English version like is not yet paid can help you see the structure, but it is usually less natural.

It can be, yes. Commodare basically means to accommodate, to provide for use, and in many contexts to lend.

So pecuniam commodare alicui means to lend money to someone.

A learner may also meet other ways to express lending in Latin, but here commodabit is perfectly straightforward: he will lend. The dative mercatori confirms that sense very clearly.