Pater panem recentem ex sporta tollit et in mensa ponit.

Because recentem is an adjective modifying panem, and Latin adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in case, number, and gender.

So:

• panem = accusative singular masculine
• recentem = accusative singular masculine

That agreement shows that the bread is what is fresh.

The preposition ex means out of or from, and it takes the ablative case.
So sporta here is ablative singular: out of the basket.

This is a very common pattern in Latin:

• ex + ablative
• ab + ablative
• cum + ablative

This is a very common learner question.

Normally:

• in + ablative = in/on a place, with no motion toward it
• in + accusative = into/onto a place, showing motion toward it

So strictly speaking, after a verb like ponit (places/puts), many learners expect in mensam if the idea is onto the table.

However, in beginner materials, in mensa is often used to express the place where the bread ends up: on the table. Also, Latin in can cover both English in and on.

So the important beginner idea is:

• ex sporta = out of the basket
• in mensa = on the table

Both are present active indicative, 3rd person singular.

• tollit = he/she takes up, lifts, removes
• ponit = he/she puts, places

Because the subject is pater, we understand them as:

• the father takes
• the father places

Because Latin often leaves out subject pronouns when they are not needed. The verb ending already tells you the person and number.

For example:

• tollit = he/she/it takes
• ponit = he/she/it places

Since pater is already stated, Latin does not need to add he.

Latin word order is more flexible than English word order because the endings show each word’s role.

So in this sentence:

• pater = subject
• panem recentem = object
• ex sporta = from the basket
• in mensa = on the table

Even if the order changed, the endings would still help you understand the sentence. That said, the given order is very natural and easy to follow.

Yes. It is a noun phrase made of:

• panem = bread
• recentem = fresh

Together they mean fresh bread. Latin often puts the adjective after the noun, though it can also come before it.

Here it mainly connects the two verbs:

• tollit
• ponit

The subject pater applies to both, and the bread is the thing involved in both actions. So the sentence means that the father takes the bread out of the basket and puts it on the table.

Yes, Latin could repeat it, but it does not need to. Once panem recentem has been introduced, it is natural to understand that the same bread is what the father then places on the table.

So the sentence is compact but perfectly clear:

• he takes the fresh bread out of the basket
• and puts it on the table