Civis incensus censum non est professus.

Because profiteor is a deponent verb.

A deponent verb has passive forms but an active meaning. So:

• profiteor = I declare / I state openly
• professus est = he declared / he has declared

So even though professus looks like a passive participle, in this verb it is part of an active meaning.

Its dictionary form is:

• profiteor, profiteri, professus sum

That last part, professus sum, is a good clue that it is deponent.

That is how the perfect tense of a deponent verb is formed.

For many normal Latin verbs, the perfect is one word, such as dixit = he said. But deponent verbs form the perfect with:

• a perfect participle
• plus a form of sum

So:

• professus est = he declared or he has declared

Here:

• professus = the participle
• est = is, used as an auxiliary

Together they make the perfect tense.

It is the perfect indicative.

In English, that can often be translated either as:

• did not declare
• has not declared

Which English version sounds better depends on context. In many textbook sentences, did not declare is the most natural translation.

Civis is nominative singular, so it is the subject of the sentence.

Reasons:

• civis can be nominative singular = citizen
• the verb phrase est professus is third person singular
• incensus also matches it as a nominative singular adjective

So civis incensus goes together as:

• the unregistered citizen
• or whatever equivalent meaning has been given in your text

Yes. Incensus is an adjective agreeing with civis.

It matches in:

• case: nominative
• number: singular
• gender: masculine here

So civis incensus means the citizen who is incensus.

Latin often puts an adjective after the noun, so this word order is normal.

Not here.

A learner might think of English incensed = angry, but in this sentence incensus is connected with the idea of the census, not anger.

Here it means something like:

• not registered in the census
• not assessed
• uncensused

So it is a technical or civic word, not an emotional one.

No, not in this sentence.

That is a very natural mistake, because incensus could look like it comes from incendo, incendere (set on fire, inflame). But here the context with censum points instead to censeo and census.

So in this sentence, incensus has to do with the census/registering, not with burning or anger.

Censum is accusative singular, and it is the object of professus est.

The verb profiteri can take an object, and in this context censum profiteri is an idiomatic expression meaning something like:

• to make a census declaration
• to register one’s property for the census
• to declare for the census

So censum is not just a random noun here; it belongs to a set phrase.

Not always in a simple modern sense.

In Roman usage, census can refer to:

• the census itself
• the assessment
• the registration
• the declaration of one’s property/status for the census

So in a sentence like this, English may need a slightly fuller translation than just census to sound natural.

Because non is negating the whole verbal idea:

• non est professus = did not declare / has not declared

In Latin, non often comes before the verb or before the first part of the verb phrase. Since the perfect of this deponent verb has two parts, non before est is perfectly normal.

Because Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order.

English depends heavily on word order to show who is doing what. Latin depends much more on endings.

So in this sentence, the endings tell you the structure:

• civis = subject
• incensus = adjective agreeing with the subject
• censum = object
• non est professus = verb phrase

The order used here is natural Latin, even though English would usually arrange things differently.

The noun civis itself can refer to either a male or a female citizen. It is a common-gender noun.

But here the adjective is incensus, which is masculine singular. So this sentence refers to a male citizen.

If it referred to a female citizen, you would expect:

• civis incensa

Latin often leaves that kind of thing unstated when it is obvious from context.

In English, we may say:

• he did not declare his property
• he did not submit his census declaration

Latin can simply say censum non est professus and let the reader understand that it is his own census declaration or registration that is meant.