sonnimi ogi jeone keobeul siktak wie kkeonae nohasseoyo.

Here, 손님이 is the subject of 오다 (to come), so 이/가 is the natural subject marker.

• 손님이 오다 = the guest comes / a guest comes
• 손님을 오다 is not possible, because 오다 does not take a direct object.
• 손님은 오기 전에 is possible in some contexts, but it would add a contrastive or topic nuance, like as for the guest, before they came...

So in a neutral sentence, 손님이 is the most straightforward choice.

오기 전에 means before coming or before the guest came.

The -기 turns the verb 오다 into a noun-like form:

• 오다 = to come
• 오기 = coming

Then 전에 means before. So literally:

• 손님이 오기 전에 = before the guest’s coming

This is a very common pattern:

• 먹기 전에 = before eating
• 자기 전에 = before sleeping
• 가기 전에 = before going

With 전에, Korean usually uses the plain verb stem in this -기 전에 pattern, even if the whole sentence is talking about the past.

So:

• 손님이 오기 전에 = before the guest came
• main clause: 꺼내 놓았어요 = put them out / took them out and left them there

The time relationship is already clear from 전에 (before) and from the past tense in the main clause. Korean does not usually say 왔기 전에 in this kind of structure.

꺼내다 means to take out.
놓다 literally means to put/place, but after another verb it often adds the sense of doing something and leaving it in that state for later.

So:

• 꺼냈어요 = took out
• 꺼내 놓았어요 = took out and left them out / set them out in advance

In this sentence, 꺼내 놓았어요 suggests preparation: the cups were taken out and left on the table ready for the guest.

This is very natural when talking about getting something ready beforehand.

They are very similar, and in many situations both can work.

• 꺼내 놓았어요 often focuses on putting them out and leaving them that way
• 꺼내 두었어요 often emphasizes having kept them prepared in advance

In everyday speech, the difference can be small. Both can suggest preparation before the guest arrived.
Still, -아/어 놓다 is especially common when something is done and left in that resulting state.

위 means top / upper part / on.
So:

• 식탁 = dining table
• 식탁 위 = the top of the table / on the table
• 식탁 위에 = on the table

The particle 에 marks the location where something is placed.

So 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놓았어요 means the cups were put out onto the table.

Because 컵 is the direct object of 꺼내 놓았어요.

• 컵을 꺼내다 = to take out the cups
• 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놓다 = to take out the cups and leave/set them on the table

So 을/를 marks the thing being acted on.

Yes. Korean word order is flexible as long as the particles make the roles clear.

These are both natural:

• 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놓았어요
• 식탁 위에 컵을 꺼내 놓았어요

The first may sound a little more focused on the cups.
The second may sound a little more focused on where they were placed.

But both are grammatically fine.

손님 can mean either guest or customer, depending on context.

In this sentence, because it talks about putting cups out on the dining table before they come, guest is the more natural interpretation.

So although 손님 is a broader word, context tells you which meaning fits best.

It can be either. Korean nouns often do not show singular/plural unless needed.

So 손님이 오기 전에 could mean:

• before the guest came
• before the guests came

Usually context tells you which one is meant. If the speaker wants to make plurality explicit, they might say 손님들이.

놓았어요 is in the -아요/어요 polite style, which is polite but not formal-stiff.

So it is appropriate for:

• everyday polite conversation
• talking to someone you do not speak casually with
• many normal social situations

A more formal style would be:

• 손님이 오기 전에 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놓았습니다.

A casual style would be:

• 손님 오기 전에 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놨어.

Korean often leaves out subjects when they are understood from context.

In 손님이 오기 전에 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놓았어요, the subject of the second part is not stated, but it is understood as I, we, or someone relevant in context.

This is very normal in Korean. If needed, you could add a subject:

• 제가 손님이 오기 전에 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놓았어요.
• 엄마가 손님이 오기 전에 컵을 식탁 위에 꺼내 놓았어요.

But if the subject is already obvious, Korean usually leaves it out.