watasi ha kouen de tori wo mimasita.

I saw a bird in the park.

Breakdown of watasi ha kouen de tori wo mimasita.

• は: topic particle
• 私わたし: I
• を: direct object particle
• で: location particle
• 公園こうえん: park
• 見みる: to see
• 鳥とり: bird

Questions & Answers about watasi ha kouen de tori wo mimasita.

What does the particle は do in this sentence?

The particle は marks the topic of the sentence. Here, 私 (watashi) means “I,” and 私 は sets “as for me” as the topic. It doesn’t mark the grammatical subject in the strict sense, but rather what the speaker is talking about.

Why is は used here instead of が?

Both particles can mark subjects, but they have different nuances:

• は introduces or shifts the topic and can imply contrast or background information.
• が emphasizes the subject itself or introduces new information. In this sentence, the speaker is telling us about their own experience (“As for me, I saw a bird…”), so は is natural. If you wanted to emphasize 私 themselves—“It was I who saw a bird”—you could use が, but that’s less common here.

Why is で used after 公園? Could I use に instead?

• で marks the location where an action takes place.
• に can mark a destination (“to the park”) or the location of existence (“in the park” with verbs like いる/ある).
  Since 見ました (mimashita, “saw”) is an action happening at the park, you need で:
  公園 で 鳥 を 見ました。
  Using に here would sound odd because you’d be saying “to/in the park” rather than “at the park” doing the action.

What is the function of を after 鳥?

The particle を marks the direct object of a verb. In this case, 鳥 (tori, “bird”) is what was seen. So 鳥 を 見ました literally means “saw a bird.”

Why is the verb at the end of the sentence?

Japanese follows a Subject–Object–Verb (SOV) word order. The verb always comes last.
Structure here:
[Topic 私 は] [Location 公園 で] [Object 鳥 を] [Verb 見ました].

What does 見ました mean exactly?

見ました (mimashita) is the polite past tense of 見る (miru, “to see/watch”).

• 見 is the verb stem.
• ました is the polite past ending.
  So 見ました = “saw” (polite).

Can I drop 私 or は in casual speech?

Yes. Japanese often omits the topic or subject if it’s clear from context. In a situation where it’s obvious who you’re talking about, you could simply say:
公園 で 鳥 を 見た。
Here you’ve also switched to the casual past (見た instead of 見ました).

Why isn’t 鳥 marked as plural (like “birds”)?

Most Japanese nouns, including 鳥, don’t change form for singular or plural. Context tells you whether it’s one bird or many. If you need to emphasize number, you can add words like 一羽 (いちわ, “one [bird]”) or 何羽か (なんわか, “a few [birds]”), but in general 鳥 can mean “a bird” or “birds” depending on the situation.