Learn Hardcore Italian: Il vento caldo viene da sud in estate. - The warm wind comes from the south in summer.

Because vento is a masculine singular noun that begins with a regular consonant (not s+consonant, z, gn, ps, etc.), so the correct definite article is il.

Why is the adjective caldo placed after vento rather than before it?

In Italian most descriptive adjectives follow the noun they modify. Placing caldo after vento is the neutral word order (noun + adjective). You can sometimes put adjectives before for poetic effect or emphasis, but the standard is after.

What tense and person is viene, and why is it used here?

Viene is the third‑person singular present indicative of venire (“to come”). It matches the subject il vento, so the sentence literally means “the wind comes…”.

Could we replace viene with arriva? If so, is there a nuance difference?

Yes. Il vento caldo arriva da sud in estate is perfectly correct. Arrivare (“to arrive”) and venire both express movement toward a point, but venire often feels more general (“comes from”) while arrivare can sound a bit more literal (“arrives”).

Why do we say da sud without an article (not dal sud)?

When you indicate a cardinal direction in a general sense, Italian uses da plus the direction without an article. You only contract da with articles when referring to specific place names that require them (e.g., dal mare, dalla montagna), but sud here isn’t treated as a region name.

Why is in estate used for “in summer”? Why not a estate or just estate?

Seasons in Italian take the preposition in: in estate, in inverno, in primavera, in autunno. You cannot say a estate or drop the preposition altogether when speaking of seasons in full statements.

What about d’estate? How does it differ from in estate?

D’estate is a contraction of di estate and is very common in spoken Italian. It means essentially the same as in estate (“during summer”), but in estate is the more formal or neutral form.

When would you ever put an article before estate, as in l’estate?

You add the article when you treat the season itself as the subject or object of a verb: e.g. L’estate è calda (“The summer is hot”) or L’estate scorsa sono andato al mare (“Last summer I went to the sea”).

Is there anything special about agreeing caldo with vento?

Yes: adjectives in Italian must agree in gender and number with the noun. Vento is masculine singular, so the adjective is caldo (masculine singular), not calda or caldi.