Gelas itu retak ketika jatuh di lantai.

In Indonesian, demonstratives like ini and itu usually come after the noun.

• gelas itu = that glass / the glass
• gelas ini = this glass

So Indonesian says the equivalent of glass that, not that glass.

Also, in many contexts, itu does not have to mean strictly that in a far-away sense. It can also help mark something as already known, so gelas itu can sometimes be understood as the glass.

Indonesian often does not use a copula like is / am / are / was / were in simple sentences.

So:

• Gelas itu retak literally: The glass cracked / The glass is cracked
• No separate word is needed for was

This is very common in Indonesian. The tense or time reference is usually understood from context, time words, or the situation.

It can be understood as a stative predicate, which is one reason this feels a little different from English categories.

In practice, retak can mean:

• cracked as a state
• to crack / to become cracked depending on context

In Gelas itu retak ketika jatuh di lantai, the natural meaning is that the glass became cracked when it fell.

So even though retak may look adjective-like, it works as the main predicate of the sentence without needing was.

Ketika means when.

It introduces a time clause:

• ketika jatuh di lantai = when it fell on/onto the floor

So the structure is:

• Gelas itu retak = The glass cracked
• ketika jatuh di lantai = when it fell on the floor

Together: The glass cracked when it fell on the floor.

Other common words with a similar meaning are saat and sometimes waktu.

The understood subject is the glass.

Indonesian often leaves out a subject in a subordinate clause if it is already clear from the main clause. So:

• Gelas itu retak ketika jatuh di lantai = The glass cracked when it fell on the floor

Even though jatuh has no stated subject, listeners normally understand it as referring back to gelas itu.

This is a very natural question, because di usually marks location and ke usually marks movement toward a place.

• di lantai = on the floor
• ke lantai = to the floor

With jatuh, Indonesian often allows di lantai because the important result is the location where something ended up. So jatuh di lantai can naturally mean fell on the floor.

However, jatuh ke lantai is also possible and can sound more explicitly directional, like fell to the floor.

So:

• jatuh di lantai = fell on the floor
• jatuh ke lantai = fell to the floor

Both can work, but di lantai is very normal.

Yes, in normal usage, that is how it will be understood.

Even though di lantai literally looks like on the floor, with jatuh the whole phrase naturally conveys the event of falling and ending up there. So learners should not over-translate it too mechanically.

If someone wanted to make the direction even more explicit, they could say:

• Gelas itu retak ketika jatuh ke lantai.

But the original sentence is still natural and understandable.

Because retak and pecah are different.

• retak = cracked
• pecah = broke / shattered

A glass that is retak has a crack in it, but it is not necessarily smashed into pieces. A glass that is pecah is more seriously broken.

So this sentence specifically says the glass cracked, not that it completely shattered.

Indonesian verbs do not change form for tense the way English verbs do.

So retak and jatuh do not have special past forms here. Time is understood from:

• context
• time words
• the meaning of the situation

In this sentence, the event sequence strongly suggests a past reading in English:

• the glass fell
• it cracked

That is why English translation usually uses past tense, even though Indonesian does not mark it morphologically.

In isolation, the most natural reading is The glass cracked when it fell on the floor.

Because retak can describe a state, a more literal gloss might look like The glass was cracked when it fell on the floor, but that English sentence suggests the glass was already cracked before the fall. That is usually not the intended meaning here.

So in normal translation, it is better to understand it as a change resulting from the fall:

• The glass cracked when it fell on the floor.

Yes. The order is very normal:

• Gelas itu = subject
• retak = predicate
• ketika jatuh di lantai = time clause

So the sentence structure is basically:

• Subject + predicate + time clause

This is straightforward and natural Indonesian word order.