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Email resmi tentang kebijakan perpustakaan sudah dikirim.

Email resmi tentang kebijakan perpustakaan sudah dikirim.
The official email about the library policy has been sent.
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Questions & Answers about Email resmi tentang kebijakan perpustakaan sudah dikirim.

Why is the adjective after the noun (why email resmi, not resmi email)?
  • In Indonesian, adjectives generally follow the noun they modify. So email resmi = “official email.”
  • Putting the adjective before the noun (e.g., resmi email) is ungrammatical.
  • You can stack modifiers after the noun: email resmi tentang...
What does tentang mean here? Can I use mengenai, perihal, or soal instead?
  • tentang = “about/concerning” (neutral, very common).
  • Near-synonyms (register differs):
    • mengenai / terkait / berkaitan dengan = slightly more formal.
    • perihal = formal/written (letters, memos).
    • soal = informal (“re:”, “re.,” “re topic of” in casual speech).
  • All can work: email resmi mengenai/perihal/soal kebijakan perpustakaan.
Why is dikirim used? What voice is this, and how would the active version look?
  • dikirim is passive (di- + verb root), focusing on the thing sent; the agent is omitted/unknown/irrelevant.
  • Active: Kami sudah mengirim email resmi tentang kebijakan perpustakaan.
  • Passive with agent: Email resmi... sudah dikirim oleh tim kami.
  • “Short passive”: Email resmi... sudah kami kirim.
What exactly does sudah add? Is it just “already”? What about telah and the negative?
  • sudah marks completion: “has/have already” or “is/was already.”
  • telah is a more formal equivalent, common in news/official writing.
  • Negative: belum = “not yet” (e.g., Email... belum dikirim).
  • Without sudah/telah, aspect is unspecified and relies on context.
Does kebijakan perpustakaan mean “policy” or “policies”? How do I show plural?
  • Indonesian usually doesn’t mark plural; kebijakan perpustakaan can mean “policy” or “policies.”
  • To be explicit:
    • berbagai kebijakan perpustakaan (various policies)
    • kebijakan-kebijakan perpustakaan (plural via reduplication)
    • sejumlah/ beberapa kebijakan perpustakaan (some policies)
Should there be a yang somewhere (e.g., email yang resmi or before tentang)?
  • No. yang introduces a relative clause. tentang kebijakan perpustakaan is a prepositional phrase and doesn’t need yang.
  • email yang resmi is grammatical but contrastive/emphatic (“the email that is official”), not needed in a neutral statement.
Can I say sudah terkirim instead of sudah dikirim? What’s the difference?
  • sudah dikirim emphasizes the completed action by an agent (“has been sent”).
  • sudah terkirim emphasizes the resultant state (“is sent/delivered”); sometimes implies it ended up sent, even accidentally (e.g., terkirim ke alamat yang salah).
  • Both are fine; choose based on whether you focus on the action or the state/result.
Is dikirimkan better than dikirim? And mengirim vs mengirimkan?
  • -kan often highlights the recipient/benefactive. With recipients, dikirimkan kepada... sounds natural.
  • In everyday use, (di)kirim and (di)kirimkan are often interchangeable.
  • Examples:
    • Email... sudah dikirim (kan) kepada semua staf.
    • Kami mengirim (kan) email kepada semua staf.
How do I add the sender or recipient?
  • Agent (sender):
    • ... sudah dikirim oleh bagian administrasi.
    • Prefer short passive with pronouns: ... sudah kami kirim.
  • Recipient:
    • People: kepada (e.g., ... dikirim kepada semua staf).
    • Places/things: ke (e.g., ... dikirim ke kampus B).
    • untuk means “for” (purpose/benefit), not necessarily “to.”
Is the alternative order Sudah dikirim email resmi tentang... acceptable?
  • Yes. Indonesian allows subject/topic drop and fronting for emphasis or report style: Sudah dikirim email resmi...
  • The default neutral order is the original sentence; the fronted version sounds like a brief status update.
Why is there no word for “the”? How do I make it definite?
  • Indonesian has no articles. Definiteness is inferred from context or shown with demonstratives/possessives:
    • Email resmi tentang kebijakan perpustakaan itu sudah dikirim. (“that/ the specific official email has been sent”)
    • Email resmi... kami sudah dikirim. (possessive context implies definiteness)
Is Email the correct Indonesian word? What about surel?
  • email is the standard, most widely used form (lowercase unless sentence-initial).
  • surel (from “surat elektronik”) is the official coinage and appears in some government/official contexts but is less common in everyday use.
  • e-mail with a hyphen also occurs; email is now standard.
Is there any trap with kebijakan vs kebijaksanaan?
  • kebijakan = policy (what an institution decides).
  • kebijaksanaan = wisdom/discretion; not used for institutional policy in modern usage.
  • So kebijakan perpustakaan = library policy (correct).
How do I ask “Has it been sent yet?” and answer it naturally?
  • Question: Apakah email resmi tentang kebijakan perpustakaan sudah dikirim?
  • Short answers:
    • Sudah. (Yes, it has.)
    • Belum. (Not yet.)
  • You can add time: Baru saja dikirim. (Just sent.)