Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Peserta yang hadir mendapat kopi hangat. - Participants who are present get warm coffee.

Yang turns what follows into a clause that modifies a noun. So peserta yang hadir means “participants who are present/attending.” Pattern: [NOUN] + yang + [CLAUSE/PREDICATE], e.g., orang yang suka kopi (people who like coffee). Here it’s restrictive: it selects only the participants who are present.

Is hadir a verb or an adjective?

Primarily a verb meaning “to be present/attend (an event)” and it’s intransitive (no object): Saya hadir di rapat (I was present at the meeting). In yang hadir, it functions as the predicate of a relative clause: “who are present.” Related forms:

menghadiri = to attend (takes an object): Dia menghadiri rapat.
kehadiran = presence/attendance (noun).

Why not use menghadiri instead of hadir?

Use hadir when you mean “to be present.” Use menghadiri when there is a specific object being attended. Compare:

peserta yang hadir = participants who are present (at the event).
peserta yang menghadiri seminar = participants who attend the seminar.

What’s the difference between dapat, mendapat, and mendapatkan?

dapat = can/be able to; also colloquial “get”: Saya dapat kopi (I got coffee). Potential ambiguity with “can.”
mendapat = get/obtain/receive (neutral, common): avoids the “can” ambiguity.
mendapatkan = also get/obtain; often a bit more formal or result-focused. All three can mean “get,” but mendapat is a safe, natural choice here.

Can I use menerima instead of mendapat?

Yes, menerima means “to receive” (from someone): Peserta yang hadir menerima kopi hangat. Nuance: mendapat can sound like “get/obtain (entitled to),” while menerima highlights receiving from a giver.

Does the sentence imply that only those who attend get coffee?

That’s the typical reading, but it’s not explicitly exclusive. To make it explicit, add hanya:

Hanya peserta yang hadir yang mendapat kopi hangat. Or say the negative:
Peserta yang tidak hadir tidak mendapat kopi.

Is peserta singular or plural here?

Indonesian nouns are number-neutral. Context decides. To be explicit:

Singular: seorang peserta (one participant).
Plural (people): para peserta.
All: semua peserta.

How do I say “Each participant who attends gets a cup of hot coffee”?

Setiap peserta yang hadir mendapat secangkir kopi panas. Alternatives: masing-masing peserta, and you can use mendapatkan instead of mendapat.

Why kopi hangat and not kopi panas?

hangat = warm.
panas = hot. So kopi hangat is warm coffee; kopi panas is hot coffee (more typical for freshly brewed coffee). Colloquial for warm: anget (informal).

Can I drop yang and say Peserta hadir mendapat kopi hangat?

Not in standard full sentences. Without yang, hadir reads as a main predicate (“participants are present”), which clashes with the rest. In headlines or notes you might see it shortened, but grammatically the yang is needed to make a relative clause.

How is tense expressed here? Is this past, present, or future?

Indonesian doesn’t inflect for tense. Context or particles show time:

Past: sudah mendapat (already got).
Progressive/ongoing: sedang mendapat.
Future/promise: akan mendapat / bakal mendapat.

Is there a more natural passive or “for” version?

Yes:

Passive/action on the coffee: Kopi hangat dibagikan kepada peserta yang hadir.
Availability: Kopi hangat disediakan untuk/bagi peserta yang hadir. These often sound more natural than didapat.

What’s the word order for noun + adjective? Why not hangat kopi?

Adjectives normally follow nouns: kopi hangat (warm coffee), buku baru (new book). Saying hangat kopi is incorrect in this structure.

Why is there no “the” or “a”? How do I make it definite or count it?

Indonesian has no articles. To make it definite, use itu/ini: kopi hangat itu (that warm coffee). To count cups, use classifiers:

secangkir kopi (a cup of coffee, cup/mug).
segelas kopi (a glass of coffee, often for iced). Avoid sebuah kopi; beverages take measure words like cangkir/gelas.

Can yang hadir stand alone to mean “those present”?

Yes. Yang hadir, silakan duduk. Or even: Yang hadir mendapat kopi hangat. The head noun (peserta) is understood from context.

What does the meN- in mendapat do?

meN- is an active-voice verb prefix added to a base word. Here, base dapat → men-dapat (phonologically mendapat). It forms a transitive verb meaning “to get/obtain.”