Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Asap tipis keluar dari oven, jadi jendela dibuka. - Thin smoke comes out of the oven, so the window is opened.

Here jadi is a conjunction meaning so/therefore; it links the cause (smoke) to the result (the window was opened). It is not the verb become. As a verb, jadi means become (for example: something becomes hot), which is a different use.

Why is there a comma before jadi? Could it also come after Jadi?

A comma before jadi is standard when it links two independent clauses. If you start the new clause with Jadi as a sentence-initial connector, put a comma after it: Jadi, jendela dibuka. Both patterns are fine.

Why is the second clause passive (jendela dibuka) instead of active (kami membuka jendela)?

Indonesian often uses the passive to downplay or omit the actor when it’s obvious or unimportant. Jendela dibuka focuses on the window and the action, not on who did it. Alternatives:

Active: Kami membuka jendela (we opened the window).
Colloquial passive type 2: Jendela kami buka (we open/opened the window), natural in speech.

Is jendela dibuka the same as jendela terbuka?

No.

dibuka = was opened (an action was performed).
terbuka = is open (a state), or sometimes opened unintentionally.
Here, because someone deliberately opened it in response to smoke, dibuka (or the active) is best.

How do I say who opened the window if I want to include the actor?

Best options:

Active: Kami/Saya membuka jendela.
Passive type 2: Jendela saya/kami buka. Using oleh is possible but sounds heavy with pronouns: Jendela dibuka oleh kami is grammatical yet uncommon in casual speech; oleh is more typical with longer agent phrases.

Can I just say jendela buka?

Avoid that. To express an action, use dibuka/membuka; to express the state, use terbuka (or colloquial kebuka in informal speech):

Action: jendela dibuka / kami membuka jendela
State: jendela terbuka

Why is it asap tipis, not tipis asap?

In Indonesian, adjectives normally follow nouns. So it’s noun + adjective: asap tipis (thin/faint smoke), asap tebal (thick smoke).

Does asap tipis sound natural? Are there alternatives?

Yes, asap tipis is natural and common, especially contrasted with asap tebal. You may also see asap samar-samar (faint/indistinct), which emphasizes visibility rather than density. Avoid asap ringan; ringan is about weight, not density.

What does keluar dari oven literally mean, and can I drop dari?

It’s literally go/come out from the oven. Keep dari to mark the source: keluar dari X. You can say just Asap tipis keluar if you don’t want to name the source, but not keluar oven in standard style (that’s a colloquial/headline shortcut). For extra clarity you can say dari dalam oven (from inside the oven).

What’s the difference between keluar and mengeluarkan?

keluar is intransitive: something goes out. Example: Asap keluar dari oven.
mengeluarkan is transitive: someone/something causes something to go out. Examples: Oven itu mengeluarkan asap tipis (the oven emits thin smoke), Dia mengeluarkan baki dari oven (he took a tray out of the oven).

Should it be dari or daripada with oven?

Use dari for from a place/source: dari oven. daripada is mainly for comparisons or rather than.

Is tense expressed here? How do I show past/perfect?

Indonesian doesn’t mark tense on verbs. Context usually supplies time. If needed, add time/aspect markers:

Past/recent: tadi, barusan
Already/completed: sudah, telah Example: Asap tipis barusan keluar dari oven, jadi jendela langsung dibuka.

Can I replace jadi with lalu, maka, sehingga, or makanya?

lalu = then/and then (sequence, not necessarily cause).
maka = therefore/thus (formal/literary).
sehingga = so that/as a result (links cause to result; fine here).
makanya = that’s why/so (colloquial).
All can work with nuance differences. jadi is neutral and common.

Is it okay to say Karena asap tipis keluar dari oven, jadi jendela dibuka?

In everyday speech you will hear this redundant pair (karena … jadi …). In careful/standard writing, use one or the other:

Karena asap tipis keluar dari oven, jendela dibuka.
Asap tipis keluar dari oven, jadi jendela dibuka.

How do I make it clear it’s a specific window (the window)?

Add a determiner/topic marker:

jendela itu (that/the window)
jendelanya (the window, topic/known item) Example: … jadi jendelanya dibuka.

Could I add ada at the start?

Yes, to emphasize the appearance/existence: Ada asap tipis keluar dari oven, jadi jendela dibuka. This reads like There was thin smoke coming out…, so…

Is keluar one word or two (ke luar)?

For the verb meaning to go out, it is one word: keluar. The spaced ke luar is not used in modern standard writing for this meaning.

Pronunciation tips for key words?

asap: a-sap (a as in father; final p unreleased)
tipis: tee-pees (both i like ee)
keluar: kə-loo-ar (first e is a schwa)
dari: dah-ree
oven: oh-ven (v often pronounced like f; e is a schwa)
jadi: jah-dee
jendela: jən-de-la (first e is a schwa; final a as in father)

Is oven the same as kompor?

No. oven is the oven (baking unit). kompor is the stovetop/cooker. If you need a generic for baking/roasting, the verb is memanggang.