Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi.

Indonesian normally drops the present-tense “to be.” Predicates can be adjectives or verbs on their own. Here buka serves as the predicate meaning “open (for business),” so Perpustakaan buka literally reads “Library open.” You would not use adalah here; adalah links two nouns (e.g., Perpustakaan itu adalah bangunan umum).

Is buka a verb or an adjective here? How is it different from membuka?

buka is a base/stative verb that behaves like “to be open.” For hours/availability, use buka intransitively: Toko buka.
membuka is active-transitive “to open (something),” e.g., Petugas membuka pintu. You normally wouldn’t say Perpustakaan membuka by itself; it needs an object (e.g., Perpustakaan membuka layanan baru).

What about terbuka and dibuka—how do they differ from buka?

buka = state/habit of operating: Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi (open for business).
terbuka = “open” as a state (physical/conceptual): Pintu terbuka, or “open to (the public)”: terbuka untuk umum.
dibuka = passive “is opened (by someone)”: Perpustakaan dibuka setiap pagi focuses on the action of opening each morning.

For business hours, buka/tutup is the most natural choice.

Can I say Perpustakaan membuka setiap pagi?

Not for hours. membuka needs an object, so that sounds like “The library opens (something) every morning.” Prefer:

Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi. (hours)
Perpustakaan membuka pendaftaran baru. (opens registration)

Do I need a word for “the,” like itu or -nya, to make it definite?

No article is required. Perpustakaan can mean “the library” or “a library” from context. To make it explicitly definite:

Perpustakaan itu buka setiap pagi. (that/specific library)
Perpustakaannya buka setiap pagi. (-nya often marks definiteness or possession)

How would I make it plural, like “Libraries open every morning”?

Semua perpustakaan buka setiap pagi. (all libraries)
Perpustakaan-perpustakaan buka setiap pagi. (reduplication; formal/writing)
Indonesian usually leaves nouns unmarked for number unless needed for clarity.

Where can I put the time phrase setiap pagi?

It’s flexible:

Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi. (neutral)
Setiap pagi, perpustakaan buka. (fronted for emphasis)
Perpustakaan setiap pagi buka. (acceptable in speech)

Do I need pada before time expressions? Why not pada setiap pagi?

Use pada mainly with specific times/dates: pada pukul 08.00, pada hari Senin. With recurring expressions like setiap pagi/tiap pagi, you normally omit pada. pada setiap pagi sounds bookish and is uncommon in everyday speech.

What’s the difference between setiap and tiap?

They both mean “every.” tiap is a bit more colloquial/shorter. Both work:

Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi.
Perpustakaan buka tiap pagi.

What’s the nuance of pagi, pagi hari, and pagi-pagi?

pagi = morning (neutral).
pagi hari = explicitly “in the morning (time of day),” slightly more formal.
pagi-pagi = very early morning.
Examples:
Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi.
Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi hari. (also fine)
Perpustakaan buka pagi-pagi. (implies it opens early; often add a time: … jam enam)

How do I say it’s not open every morning, or that it’s closed on certain days?

Use tidak for negation with verbs/adjectives, or use tutup:

Perpustakaan tidak buka setiap pagi.
Perpustakaan tutup pada hari Minggu.
Avoid bukan here; bukan negates nouns, not predicates like buka.

How do I add a specific opening time?

Use jam (common) or pukul (more formal/written):

Perpustakaan buka setiap pagi jam delapan.
Perpustakaan buka tiap pagi pukul 08.00.

Could starting with Buka change the meaning?

Yes. Buka perpustakaan setiap pagi reads as an imperative: “Open the library every morning.” For a statement, start with the subject or time: Perpustakaan buka… or Setiap pagi, perpustakaan buka….

What’s the syllable breakdown and any pronunciation tips for perpustakaan?

Syllables: per-pus-ta-ka-an (five syllables). Pronounce the adjacent vowels in ka-an separately. The final -an is its own syllable. The “k” here is a normal [k] (the glottal-stop issue only arises with words ending in written -k).

Any common informal variants?

Yes—people often shorten perpustakaan to perpus in casual speech:

Perpus buka setiap pagi.
This is informal but widely understood.