Sopir itu mengemudi pelan-pelan karena hujan.

That driver drives slowly because of the rain.

Breakdown of Sopir itu mengemudi pelan-pelan karena hujan.

• itu: that
• karena: because
• pelan-pelan: slowly
• hujan: the rain
• mengemudi: to drive
• sopir: the driver

Questions & Answers about Sopir itu mengemudi pelan-pelan karena hujan.

What does itu do after sopir, and why is it placed after the noun?

Itu is a demonstrative that marks definiteness (“the/that”). In Indonesian it normally comes after the noun.

• sopir itu = the/that driver (specific)
• sopir (no itu) = a driver/the driver (generic/unspecified; context decides)
• Related: sopir ini = this driver; seorang sopir = a driver (one driver)

Is mengemudi past or present? How do I show tense?

Indonesian verbs don’t inflect for tense. Mengemudi can be “drives,” “is driving,” or “drove.” Add time/aspect words if needed:

• Past: tadi, kemarin
• Progressive: sedang
• Future: akan Example: Sopir itu sedang mengemudi pelan-pelan karena hujan (is driving slowly because it’s raining).

Why is it pelan-pelan? Could I just say pelan or perlahan?

Reduplication (pelan-pelan) often makes an adverb meaning “slowly/gently,” with a nuance of care or gradualness. Alternatives:

• pelan (fine, common): mengemudi pelan
• perlahan or perlahan-lahan (a bit more formal/neutral): mengemudi perlahan All are acceptable; pelan-pelan is very natural in speech.

Where should pelan-pelan go in the sentence?

Most natural: after the verb.

• Neutral: Sopir itu mengemudi pelan-pelan karena hujan. For emphasis you can front it:
• Pelan-pelan, sopir itu mengemudi karena hujan. Or place it before the verb:
• Sopir itu pelan-pelan mengemudi karena hujan. Post-verb is the default.

What’s the difference between mengemudi, menyetir/nyetir, and mengendarai?

• mengemudi = to drive/operate (more formal/neutral; common in writing/news)
• menyetir / nyetir = to drive (colloquial; especially for cars). nyetir is the informal contraction.
• mengendarai = to ride/operate a vehicle you sit on (motorcycle, horse); can also be used with cars in formal contexts. Everyday speech: nyetir mobil or bawa mobil. Formal: mengemudi/mengemudikan mobil.
  “Driver” can be sopir (common) or pengemudi (formal).

Why is it mengemudi and not something like “menkemudi”? What’s happening morphologically?

It’s the meN- prefix assimilation rule:

• meN- + words starting with k → meng- and the k drops. Base: kemudi (“helm/steering”) → meng
  • (drop k) + emudi = mengemudi.
    Similarly: setir → menyetir (s → ny), hence colloquial nyetir.

Does karena hujan mean “because of the rain” or “because it’s raining”?

Both readings are natural. Hujan can act like a noun (“rain”) or a verb-like predicate (“it’s raining”):

• “because of rain” or “because it’s raining.” You can be explicit:
• Ongoing: karena sedang hujan
• Heavier rain: karena hujan deras/lebat

Can I start the sentence with the karena clause? Do I need a comma?

Yes. If the cause comes first, use a comma:

• Karena hujan, sopir itu mengemudi pelan-pelan. No comma when the karena clause comes after the main clause.

Is sopir correct, or should it be supir?

The standard spelling is sopir (per KBBI). Supir is very common informally, but in careful writing use sopir.

What’s the difference between pelan and lambat?

• pelan = slow/soft/gently (good for movement, speech, volume). pelan-pelan = “slowly, take it easy.”
• lambat = slow/late (often about speed or timeliness: slow internet, late arrival). With vehicles you can say jalan lambat, but for “do it slowly,” pelan/pelan-pelan/perlahan is more idiomatic.

How do I say “because of heavy rain” more explicitly?

Use an intensifier:

• karena hujan deras or karena hujan lebat
• Or as a noun phrase: akibat hujan deras (“as a result of heavy rain,” a bit more formal).

Do I need to mention what is being driven?

Not required—context can supply it. If you want to specify:

• mengemudi mobil/bus/truk More formal with -kan: mengemudikan mobil.

Can I use sebab, gara-gara, or akibat instead of karena?

• karena = because (neutral, most common)
• sebab = because (formal/literary) or “cause” as a noun
• gara-gara = because/due to (informal, often with a mildly negative/blamey tone): gara-gara hujan
• akibat = as a result of (noun/preposition-like): akibat hujan Pick based on tone and formality.

Is hujan a noun or a verb in Indonesian?

Both, depending on context.

• Noun: Hujan deras turun. (Heavy rain fell.)
• Predicate (“it’s raining”): Sedang hujan. In karena hujan, it’s naturally understood as “because it’s raining” or “because of rain.”