Perlengkapan berkemah disiapkan oleh pemandu sebelum malam tiba.

The camping equipment is prepared by the guide before night arrives.

Breakdown of Perlengkapan berkemah disiapkan oleh pemandu sebelum malam tiba.

• sebelum: before
• oleh: by
• tiba: to arrive
• malam: the night
• perlengkapan berkemah: the camping equipment
• disiapkan: to be prepared
• pemandu: the guide

Questions & Answers about Perlengkapan berkemah disiapkan oleh pemandu sebelum malam tiba.

Why is disiapkan used in the passive voice here, and how is it formed? What role does oleh pemandu play?

In Indonesian, the passive voice is formed by adding the prefix di- (and if needed the suffix -kan) to the verb root. Here:

• Root siap (“ready”)
• Active form menyiapkan = me-
  • siap
    • -kan (“to prepare”)
• Passive form disiapkan = di-
  • siap
    • -kan (“was prepared”)

The phrase oleh pemandu (“by the guide”) introduces the agent in a di- passive. Passive construction is used when you want to focus on the action or the object (the equipment) rather than on who does it.

How would I say this sentence in the active voice?

You can shift the focus to the guide by using the active verb menyiapkan:
Pemandu menyiapkan perlengkapan berkemah sebelum malam tiba.
This means literally, “The guide prepares the camping equipment before night arrives.”

What does perlengkapan berkemah literally mean, and how is perlengkapan formed?

• Perlengkapan comes from the root lengkap (“complete”) with the prefix per- and the suffix -an, forming a noun that means “equipment,” “gear,” or “kit.”
• Berkemah is the verb “to camp” (ber-
  • kemah). Together, perlengkapan berkemah literally means “equipment for camping,” i.e. “camping equipment.”

Why isn’t there untuk before berkemah? Shouldn’t it be perlengkapan untuk berkemah?

Indonesian often allows a noun to be directly modified by a bare verb to express purpose, much like the English compound “camping equipment.” So perlengkapan berkemah is more concise and idiomatic than perlengkapan untuk berkemah. Both are grammatically correct, but the former is preferred in everyday usage.

Why is sebelum malam tiba placed at the end of the sentence? Can I move it to the front?

Time clauses introduced by sebelum (“before”) are flexible in Indonesian. You can put them at the beginning or the end without changing the core meaning:

• End: Perlengkapan berkemah disiapkan oleh pemandu sebelum malam tiba.
• Front: Sebelum malam tiba, perlengkapan berkemah disiapkan oleh pemandu.
  Moving it to the front simply shifts the emphasis to when the action happens. Note that inside the clause, the order sebelum + subject + verb stays the same.

Why is it malam tiba and not tiba malam?

Indonesian follows Subject-Verb (S-V) order in normal declarative clauses. Here, malam is the subject (“night”) and tiba is the verb (“arrives”). So you must say malam tiba, not tiba malam.

What does tiba mean exactly, is it transitive, and could I use datang or say sebelum gelap instead?

• Tiba is an intransitive verb meaning “to arrive.” It never takes a direct object.
• You can substitute datang (“to come/arrive”) without much change: sebelum malam datang.
• English speakers often say “before it gets dark”; in Indonesian you can say sebelum gelap (“before [it’s] dark”) or sebelum hari gelap to shift the nuance from the literal “arrival of night” to the “onset of darkness.”