Ég hef ekki neina peninga.

Word for word, it is:

• Ég = I
• hef = have
• ekki = not
• neina = any
• peninga = money

So the literal structure is I have not any money, which matches natural English I don’t have any money.

Hef is the 1st person singular present form of the verb hafa, meaning to have.

So:

• ég hef = I have
• þú hefur = you have
• hann/hún hefur = he/she has

It is a very common verb, and its forms are a bit irregular, so it is worth memorizing early.

In a normal Icelandic main clause, the finite verb usually comes in second position. This is often called the V2 rule.

Here the order is:

• Ég = first element
• hef = finite verb, so it comes second
• ekki = negation, which usually comes after the finite verb

So Ég hef ekki... is the expected Icelandic word order.

A learner may want to say something like Ég ekki hef... because of English influence, but that is not the normal Icelandic pattern.

Neina is a form of neinn, which means any in this kind of sentence.

It changes form to match the noun it goes with. Since peninga is:

• masculine
• plural
• accusative

the matching form is neina.

So neina peninga means any money.

The basic dictionary form is peningar or singular peningur.

In this sentence, the word is the direct object of hef, and the verb hafa takes the accusative case for its object. The accusative plural form is peninga.

So:

• peningar = nominative plural
• peninga = accusative plural

That is why the sentence has neina peninga, not neinir peningar or peningar.

Icelandic often uses peningar in the plural where English simply says money.

So even though English treats money as a mass noun, Icelandic commonly uses a plural form for the general idea of money, cash, or funds.

That means peninga here is best translated simply as money, even though the Icelandic form is plural.

No, not in the English double negative sense.

Here:

• ekki = the actual negation, not
• neina = any

So ekki neina peninga means not any money.

A very similar Icelandic alternative is:

• Ég hef enga peninga = I have no money

That uses enga from enginn instead of ekki neina. Both are natural ways to express the idea.

Yes. That is also very natural.

Eiga often means to own / to have, and with things like money or possessions it is extremely common. In everyday Icelandic, many speakers would very naturally say:

• Ég á ekki neina peninga
• Ég á enga peninga

So hafa is grammatical here, but eiga is also very common and may sound more idiomatic in many situations.

Usually, for a plain neutral statement, Icelandic prefers:

• Ég hef ekki neina peninga or
• Ég hef enga peninga

Saying just Ég hef ekki peninga is less natural as a simple standalone statement. It can work in certain contexts, especially if you are contrasting things, but in ordinary speech learners should usually keep neina or use enga.