Grasið í garðinum er grænt eftir rigninguna.

The grass in the garden is green after the rain.

Breakdown of Grasið í garðinum er grænt eftir rigninguna.

• vera: to be
• í: in
• eftir: after
• garðurinn: the garden
• grænn: green
• grasið: the grass
• rigningin: the rain

Questions & Answers about Grasið í garðinum er grænt eftir rigninguna.

Why does gras become grasið here? What does the ending -ið mean?

The base noun is gras (neuter, “grass”).
When you add the definite article “the” in Icelandic, it becomes a suffix:

• gras = grass
• grasið = the grass

For most neuter nouns, the definite singular nominative/accusative ending is -ið. So grasið literally means “the grass.”

In English I’d say “Grass is green.” Why is it “the grass” (grasið) here? Can I say Gras er grænt instead?

Yes, you can say Gras er grænt to state a general fact, “Grass is green.”

In your sentence, though, Grasið í garðinum points to a specific patch of grass:

• Gras er grænt = Grass (in general) is green
• Grasið í garðinum er grænt = The grass in the garden is green (this particular garden)

Because you identify a particular garden (í garðinum), Icelandic very naturally makes the grass definite too: grasið.

What case is grasið in, and how can I recognize it?

Grasið is in the nominative singular because it is the subject of the sentence.
Clues:

• It comes at the start of the sentence and does the “being green.”
• The form -ið is the neuter singular definite ending for both nominative and accusative; context (subject role) tells you it’s nominative here.

Why is it í garðinum and not í garðurinn or í garðinn?

The preposition í (“in, into”) can take dative for location and accusative for motion:

• í garðinum = in the garden (location → dative)
• í garðinn = into the garden (movement → accusative)

Your sentence describes where the grass is (location), so í garðinum (dative) is correct.
Garðurinn is nominative (“the garden” as a subject), so it can’t follow í here.

What does the ending -inum in garðinum mean?

The noun is garður (masc., “garden”). Its singular forms (indefinite → definite) are roughly:

• Nominative: garður → garðurinn
• Accusative: garð → garðinn
• Dative: garði → garðinum
• Genitive: garðs → garðsins

So garðinum is dative singular definite, meaning “in the garden.”
The ending -inum is a typical definite dative singular ending for masculine nouns like this.

Why is the adjective grænt and not grænn, which is the dictionary form?

The base adjective is grænn (“green”), given in the masculine nominative singular in dictionaries.
Adjectives must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case:

• gras / grasið is neuter singular nominative
• Neuter singular nominative form of grænn is grænt

So:

• grænn gras? ❌ (gender mismatch)
• grænt gras / grasið er grænt ✅

Exactly what form is grænt here (case, number, gender), and why?

Grænt is neuter singular nominative, strong form.

Reasoning:

• It describes grasið, which is neuter singular nominative.
• Predicative adjectives (after vera = “to be”) normally use the strong form and match the noun:
  
  • masculine: Grasið er grænt. (if the noun were masculine, it would be grænn)
  • feminine: Blómið er fallegt. vs. Blómið is neuter, adjective neuter, etc.

So grænt is the agreeing form required by grasið.

If grasið is definite, shouldn’t the adjective also have some kind of definite ending?

Not in this position.

Icelandic adjectives have strong and weak patterns; the weak pattern often appears with definite nouns inside the noun phrase, e.g.:

• hið græna gras = the green grass (weak: græna)

But after vera (“to be”), the adjective is predicative, and you use the strong form, even if the noun is definite:

• Grasið er grænt. (strong)
• Húsið er stórt.

So grænt is correct here, without an extra “definite” ending.

Why is it rigninguna and not rigningin or just rigning?

The noun is rigning (feminine, “rain”). Its singular forms are like:

• Nominative: rigning → rigningin
• Accusative: rigningu → rigninguna

The preposition eftir (“after” in a time sense) normally takes the accusative, so you need the accusative definite:

• eftir rigningu = after rain (indefinite)
• eftir rigninguna = after the rain (definite)

Rigningin would be nominative definite and not correct after eftir here.

Can I say eftir rigningu instead of eftir rigninguna? What’s the difference?

Yes, both are grammatically correct but slightly different in meaning:

• eftir rigningu = after rain / after (some) rain, more general
• eftir rigninguna = after the rain, referring to a particular rain that speaker and listener can identify (e.g., the rain that just stopped)

Your original sentence sounds like you’re talking about the recent rain, so rigninguna fits well.

What cases are used in the whole sentence, and why?

The sentence: Grasið í garðinum er grænt eftir rigninguna.

• Grasið – nominative, subject of the sentence
• garðinum – dative, because of í (location: “in the garden”)
• rigninguna – accusative, because of eftir (“after” + time)

So you see all three major cases in one sentence: nominative (subject), dative (location with í), accusative (object of eftir).

Is the word order fixed, or can I move eftir rigninguna or í garðinum around?

Icelandic word order is fairly flexible, as long as the finite verb stays in second position in main clauses. Some natural variants:

• Grasið í garðinum er grænt eftir rigninguna. (neutral)
• Eftir rigninguna er grasið í garðinum grænt. (emphasis on after the rain)
• Í garðinum er grasið grænt eftir rigninguna. (emphasis on the location)

All of these are grammatical; the differences are mainly in emphasis and style.

How do you pronounce the letter ð in grasið and garðinum?

Ð/ð is pronounced like the voiced “th” in English “this,” “that,” “mother.”

• grasið ≈ GRAH-sith ([ˈgraːsɪð])
• garðinum ≈ GAR-thi-num ([ˈkarðɪnʏm] – the initial g is often [k])

So ð is never like an English d; it’s always a soft, voiced th sound.