Barnið situr á gólfinu og les bók.

The child sits on the floor and reads a book.

Breakdown of Barnið situr á gólfinu og les bók.

• barnið: the child
• bók: the book
• lesa: to read
• á: on
• sitja: to sit
• og: and
• gólfið: the floor

Questions & Answers about Barnið situr á gólfinu og les bók.

What does each word in Barnið situr á gólfinu og les bók correspond to in English?

Word by word, very literally:

• Barnið – the child
• situr – sits / is sitting
• á – on
• gólfinu – the floor (in the dative case)
• og – and
• les – reads / is reading
• bók – a book (accusative case, but Icelandic has no word for a)

So structurally it is: The-child sits on floor-the and reads book.

Why is it Barnið and not just barn for the child?

Icelandic does not use a separate word for the in most cases. Instead, the definite article is a suffix attached to the noun.

• barn – child
• barnið – the child

The ending -ið is the definite article for a neuter singular noun in the nominative case here.
Pattern (neuter, nominative singular):

• hus – house → húsið – the house
• barn – child → barnið – the child

What grammatical information is contained in the word Barnið?

Barnið tells you several things at once:

• Lexical form: from barn (child)
• Gender: neuter
• Number: singular
• Definiteness: definite (the child) – shown by -ið
• Case: nominative (subject of the sentence)

So from a single word, you know it is “the child” as the subject of the verb.

Why is gólfinu used, and what does that ending -inu mean?

The base noun is:

• gólf – floor (neuter)

Gólfinu is:

• gólfinu – the floor in the dative singular.

The ending -inu here marks:

• definite article (the)
• neuter
• singular dative case

It appears because the preposition á (on) requires the dative case when it expresses location (being on something, not moving onto it).

Why is á gólfinu (with dative) used instead of something like á gólf?

The preposition á (on, onto, at) can take dative or accusative, with a meaning difference:

• á

  • dative → location / state (where something is)
  • Barnið situr á gólfinu. – The child is sitting on the floor.

• á

  • accusative → movement / direction (where something goes)
  • Barnið sest á gólfið. – The child sits down onto the floor.

In the given sentence, we are describing where the child is, not a movement, so we use dative: á gólfinu.

Why does bók not have a definite ending like gólfinu or barnið?

Bók here is indefinite: a book, not the book. Icelandic has:

• a definite article, attached as a suffix (like -ið, -inu), but
• no indefinite article (there is no word like a or an).

So:

• bók – book / a book (indefinite)
• bókin – the book (definite, nominative singular)

In this sentence, bók is just accusative singular, indefinite, so it appears as plain bók.

What case is bók in, and why?

Bók is in the accusative singular:

• It is the direct object of the verb les (reads).
• For most verbs, the direct object is in the accusative.

Short form of the main cases for bók (feminine noun):

• Nominative: bók – subject (a book is...)
• Accusative: bók – direct object (reads a book)
• Dative: bók
• Genitive: bókar

So in les bók, the action (reading) is done to the book, so bók is accusative.

Why is it situr and not sitja in the sentence?

The infinitive (dictionary form) is:

• að sitja – to sit

For the present tense, you conjugate according to the subject. For 3rd person singular (he/she/it / the child), sitja becomes:

• ég sit – I sit
• þú situr – you (sg.) sit
• hann / hún / það situr – he / she / it sits
• við sitjum – we sit
• þið sitjið – you (pl.) sit
• þeir / þær / þau sitja – they sit

Since barnið = the child (3rd person singular), you must use situr.

Is there a difference between situr and er að sitja?

Both can translate as is sitting, but there is a nuance:

• Barnið situr á gólfinu.
  
  • Neutral present tense; in many contexts this already implies is sitting (right now).
• Barnið er að sitja á gólfinu.
  
  • Literally the child is to sit / is in the act of sitting on the floor; more explicitly progressive or ongoing.

In normal usage, situr alone is often enough to express a current action, especially in narration or descriptions.

Why is it les and not lesar or something closer to lesa?

The infinitive is:

• að lesa – to read

Present tense conjugation (a bit irregular in spelling):

• ég les – I read
• þú lest – you (sg.) read
• hann / hún / það les – he / she / it reads
• við lesum – we read
• þið lesið – you (pl.) read
• þeir / þær / þau lesa – they read

With barnið (3rd person singular), the correct form is les. The -a from lesa disappears in this form; this is a regular pattern for many verbs ending in -a in the infinitive.

Why does the sentence not have a word for is, as in English The child is sitting...?

Modern Icelandic usually does not use a separate auxiliary verb for the simple present. The simple present form of the main verb can cover both:

• English sits (simple present), and
• English is sitting (present progressive).

So:

• Barnið situr á gólfinu
  can mean both
  
  • The child sits on the floor (habitually), and
  • The child is sitting on the floor (right now), depending on context.

You only need er að + infinitive if you want to really emphasise the ongoing nature of the action, but in many contexts it is not necessary.

What is the basic word order of this Icelandic sentence? Is it like English?

Yes, the basic word order here is SVO (Subject–Verb–Object), similar to English.

• Subject: Barnið (the child)
• Verb 1: situr (sits / is sitting)
• Prepositional phrase of location: á gólfinu (on the floor)
• Conjunction: og (and)
• Verb 2: les (reads / is reading)
• Object: bók (a book)

So it parallels English: The child sits on the floor and reads a book.

What does the conjunction og do, and how is it used?

Og simply means and.

In this sentence, it links two verbs with the same subject:

• Barnið situr á gólfinu
• (Barnið) les bók

Icelandic, like English, does not repeat the subject when it’s the same:

• Barnið situr á gólfinu og les bók.
  Literally: The child sits on the floor and (the child) reads a book.

How do you pronounce Barnið and what happens to the ð?

Approximate pronunciation (in IPA):

• Barnið ≈ [ˈpartnɪð] (in careful speech)

Notes:

• Stress is on the first syllable: BAR-nid.
• The rn cluster often becomes something like [rtn] in Icelandic.
• The ð at the end (-ið) is a soft th sound (as in English this), but in fast everyday speech it can be very weak or almost disappear.

So to an English ear, it may sound a bit like “BART-nith” or even “BART-nit”, depending on the speaker.

How do you pronounce gólfinu?

Approximate pronunciation (IPA):

• gólfinu ≈ [ˈkoul̥fɪnʏ]

Main points:

• ó is a long o sound, like in English go, but tenser.
• Initial g before ó is like a hard g/k; many learners hear it close to k: kól-.
• Stress on the first syllable: GÓL-fi-nu.
• Final -u in -inu is a short, fairly neutral vowel.

Could the word order be changed, for example Á gólfinu situr barnið og les bók? Is that still correct?

Yes, that is also grammatically correct:

• Á gólfinu situr barnið og les bók.

Icelandic word order is more flexible than English because case endings mark the roles of words. When you move á gólfinu to the front, you usually:

• place emphasis on the location (on the floor), and
• still keep the verb in second position in the clause, which is typical for Icelandic main clauses.

The basic, neutral order for a beginner to use is still:

• Barnið situr á gólfinu og les bók.

How would the sentence change if there were several children instead of one?

Plural of barn is börn (children). Definite plural is börnin (the children).

You also need plural verb forms:

• Börnin sitja á gólfinu og lesa bók.
  – The children sit on the floor and read a book.

Changes:

• barnið situr → börnin sitja (3rd person plural of sitja)
• les → lesa (3rd person plural of lesa)

Everything else remains the same.