Ez a hős a bakelitlemezen van.

In Hungarian, a demonstrative like ez (this) normally appears together with the definite article before the noun:

• ez a hős = this hero
• az a ház = that house

So the pattern is:

• ez/az + a/az + noun

This is standard Hungarian structure. English does not use an article after this/that, but Hungarian usually does.

They are both definite articles, but they belong to different noun phrases:

• ez a hős = this hero
• a bakelitlemezen = on the vinyl record

So the sentence contains:

• one a with hős
• one a with bakelitlemezen

Hungarian uses a before consonant sounds and az before vowel sounds:

• a hős
• a bakelitlemez
• but az autó

Since hős and bakelitlemez both begin with consonants, a is correct.

Bakelitlemezen is made of:

• bakelitlemez = vinyl record / gramophone record
• -en = a case ending meaning on

So:

• bakelitlemezen = on the vinyl record

This -on / -en / -ön ending is called the superessive case. It is often used for something being on the surface of something.

Examples:

• asztalon = on the table
• széken = on the chair
• tükrön = on the mirror

Here:

• bakelitlemez → bakelitlemezen

That is a very common and important question.

Hungarian often omits van (is) in the present tense when the predicate is a noun or adjective:

• Ez a hős bátor. = This hero is brave.
• Ő tanár. = He is a teacher.

But when you say where something or someone is, van is usually kept:

• Ez a hős a bakelitlemezen van. = This hero is on the vinyl record.
• A könyv az asztalon van. = The book is on the table.

So:

• identity/description → often no van
• location/existence → van is normally used

Yes. Hungarian word order is more flexible than English word order, and changes in order often change emphasis rather than basic meaning.

The given sentence:

• Ez a hős a bakelitlemezen van.

is a natural, fairly neutral way to say it.

You could also say:

• A bakelitlemezen van ez a hős.

This puts more emphasis on where the hero is.

So Hungarian word order is not random, but it is not as rigid as English. The sentence you have is a normal, straightforward version.

Because it is a compound noun.

It is built from:

• bakelit = bakelite / vinyl-like material
• lemez = disc, record, plate

Hungarian very often writes compounds as one word, where English might use two words or a hyphen. So:

• bakelitlemez = vinyl record

This is very typical Hungarian spelling.

Because the sentence describes location, not movement.

• bakelitlemezen van = it is on the record
• bakelitlemezre would mean onto the record / to the surface of the record

So compare:

• A hős a bakelitlemezen van. = The hero is on the record.
• A hőst a bakelitlemezre teszik. = They put the hero onto the record.

Hungarian makes a very clear distinction between:

• being somewhere
• moving to somewhere

For on:

• -on/-en/-ön = on, at rest
• -ra/-re = onto, movement toward

Hős is pronounced approximately like høːsh in IPA: [høːʃ].

A few useful points:

• h is pronounced like English h
• ő is a long vowel, similar to the vowel in German schön or French peu, but held longer
• s in Hungarian is pronounced sh, not English s

So hős sounds roughly like hœsh, with a long rounded vowel.

Also, the word ez is pronounced like ez, with a normal z sound.

Yes, pretty much.

The structure is:

• a bakelitlemezen = on the vinyl record
• van = is

So the sentence is built very transparently:

• Ez a hős = this hero
• a bakelitlemezen van = is on the vinyl record

A very literal word-for-word breakdown would be:

• Ez a hős = this the hero
• a bakelitlemezen = on the vinyl record
• van = is

That extra the is normal in Hungarian because of the article pattern with ez.