הארון גדול, אבל יש גם מדף קטן מעל השולחן.

In Hebrew, simple present-tense sentences often leave out the verb to be. So הארון גדול is literally the cabinet/closet big, but it means the cabinet/closet is big.

This is completely normal Hebrew. English speakers often expect something like הארון הוא גדול, but that is not the neutral everyday way to say it here. The natural sentence is just הארון גדול.

יש means there is / there are. It is used to say that something exists or is present.

So:

• יש מדף קטן = There is a small shelf
• יש גם מדף קטן = There is also a small shelf

This is different from הארון גדול, which is just describing something.
So:

• הארון גדול = description
• יש מדף קטן = existence/presence

A very useful related word is אין, which means there is no / there are no.

In Hebrew, descriptive adjectives usually come after the noun they describe.

So Hebrew says:

• ארון גדול = literally cabinet big
• מדף קטן = literally shelf small

This is the normal word order in Hebrew. English does the opposite, so this often feels unusual at first.

Hebrew adjectives must agree with the noun in gender and number.

Here:

• ארון is masculine singular
• מדף is masculine singular

So the adjectives are also masculine singular:

• גדול = big, masculine singular
• קטן = small, masculine singular

If the noun were feminine singular, you would usually get:

• גדולה
• קטנה

For example:

• מנורה גדולה = a big lamp
• קופסה קטנה = a small box

The prefix ה־ is the Hebrew definite article, meaning the.

So:

• הארון = the cabinet/closet
• השולחן = the table
• מדף = a shelf or just shelf, depending on context

Hebrew does not have a separate word for a/an. A noun without ה־ is often indefinite.

So מדף קטן naturally means a small shelf.

Because the phrase is indefinite: a small shelf, not the small shelf.

In Hebrew, when a noun + adjective phrase is definite, both the noun and the adjective normally take ה־:

• המדף הקטן = the small shelf

But when the phrase is indefinite, neither one takes ה־:

• מדף קטן = a small shelf

This is an important Hebrew pattern.

You would say המדף הקטן.

Hebrew normally marks definiteness on both parts of a noun-adjective phrase:

• מדף קטן = a small shelf
• המדף הקטן = the small shelf

So if you mean a specific shelf, you usually need ה־ on both the noun and the adjective.

גם means also, too, or as well.

In יש גם מדף קטן, it means that this small shelf is an additional thing being mentioned:

• יש גם מדף קטן = there is also a small shelf

Its position is natural Hebrew. גם often appears before the word or phrase it is adding emphasis to. Here it helps express the idea of in addition.

מעל means above or over.

So:

• מעל השולחן = above the table

This is different from על, which usually means on or on top of, often with contact:

• הספר על השולחן = the book is on the table
• המדף מעל השולחן = the shelf is above the table

So מעל suggests a higher position, not necessarily touching.

After מעל, the noun can come directly:

• מעל השולחן = above the table

Since השולחן is definite, it keeps its article ה־. That is completely normal.

Learners sometimes expect Hebrew to change the noun more here, but in this sentence the structure is straightforward: מעל + השולחן.

אבל means but.

It connects the two parts of the sentence:

• הארון גדול = one statement
• אבל יש גם מדף קטן מעל השולחן = a contrasting or additional statement

So it works very much like English but.