Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki.

The student is studying in the room.

Breakdown of Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki.

• ne: to be
• karatu: to study
• a: in
• ɗaki: the room
• dalibi: the student

Questions & Answers about Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki.

What does each word in Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki correspond to in English?

Word by word, you can think of it roughly like this:

• Dalibi – student (singular)
• yana – he is / is (doing) (3rd person masculine singular + continuous aspect)
• karatu – reading / studying (the activity of reading/study)
• a – in / at
• ɗaki – room

So structurally it’s something like “Student he-is study in room.”
Natural English: “The student is studying in the room” or “A student is studying in the room.”

What exactly is yana? Is it the same as English “is”?

Yana is not a simple equivalent of English “is”; it’s actually a combination:

• ya – 3rd person masculine singular subject pronoun (he)
• na – a marker of continuous/progressive aspect (in the process of doing)

In speech and modern writing these usually merge into one word: yana.

Functionally, yana + verb / activity means “he is doing (something)” in a continuous / ongoing sense, similar to English present progressive:

• Yana karatu. – He is studying / reading.
• Yana tafiya. – He is going / walking.

It is not used for sentences like “He is a student”; for that Hausa normally uses other structures (with ne/ce, etc.), not yana.

Why is there no word for “a” or “the” before dalibi and ɗaki?

Hausa does not use separate articles like English “a/an” and “the.”

Nouns appear in a basic form, and whether you translate them as “a” or “the” depends on context:

• Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki.
  → A student is studying in a room.
  → or, in the right context, The student is studying in the room.

Definiteness is usually made clear by:

• Context: something already known or mentioned
• Extra elements attached after the noun:
  • dalibin nan – this student / the student here
  • ɗakin nan – this room / the room here

So the sentence is structurally fine without any visible article; English articles appear only when you translate.

Why is it yana and not tana or suna? What changes with a female student or with more than one student?

The form of this continuous marker changes according to person, gender, and number of the subject.

For 3rd person singular:

• yana – with a masculine or default/unspecified subject

  • Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki. – The (male / unspecified) student is studying in the room.

• tana – with a feminine subject

  • Daliba tana karatu a ɗaki. – The (female) student is studying in the room.

For 3rd person plural:

• suna – with a plural subject
  
  • Dalibai suna karatu a ɗaki. – The students are studying in the room.

So yana / tana / suna all play the same grammatical role; they just agree with the subject.

What is the difference between karatu and karanta?

They are closely related but not the same:

• karanta is the verb “to read / to study” (especially “read” something):

  • Ya karanta littafi. – He read a book.

• karatu is a verbal noun / noun meaning “reading, study, studies, education.”

  • Yana karatu. – He is studying / doing his studies.
  • Ina son karatu. – I like studying / I like reading.

In many “activity” expressions, Hausa uses this verbal noun after yana / tana / suna:

• Yana barci. – He is sleeping.
• Yana wasa. – He is playing.
• Yana aiki. – He is working.

So yana karatu feels like “he is engaged in study/reading”, not just a bare finite verb.

Does karatu mean “reading” or “studying”?

It can mean both, depending on context:

• In a school / education context, karatu is often best translated as “studying” or “education”:

  • Yana karatu a jami’a. – He is studying at the university.

• When the context is clearly about books or texts, it can be “reading.”

  • Yana karatu da dare. – He reads / is reading at night.

So Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki could be:

• The student is studying in the room.
• The student is reading in the room.

Both are acceptable; it’s the situation that decides which is more natural in English.

What does a mean in a ɗaki? Is it “in”, “at”, or “on”?

The preposition a is a general locative preposition.
Its exact English translation depends on the noun and on context:

• a ɗaki – in the room
• a gida – at home
• a kasuwa – at the market
• a ƙasa – on the ground / on the floor

If you really want to emphasise inside something, Hausa also has ciki / cikin:

• cikin ɗaki – inside the room (inside the interior)

In your sentence, a ɗaki is normally translated as “in the room.”

How do I pronounce ɗaki and what is that dotted ɗ?

The letter ɗ is not the same as plain d. It represents an implosive “d” sound, which doesn’t exist in standard English.

Basic tips:

• For d (no dot), you push air out: like English d in do, day.
• For ɗ, you start with the tongue at the same place, but you pull the sound slightly inward (a kind of “swallowing” sound) while voicing, with little or no air puffed out.

You don’t need to perfect the exact phonetics at the beginning, but it’s important to know that:

• ɗ (with a dot) and d (without) are different consonants in Hausa, and they can distinguish words.
• ɗaki with ɗ means room.

So ɗaki is roughly DAH-kee, but with that special implosive d at the start.

Could I write ya na as two words instead of yana?

You may see both in different sources:

• Historically and in some grammatical descriptions: ya na karatu
• In modern standard writing and most everyday texts: yana karatu

They represent the same spoken form and meaning: “he is (doing) …” in the continuous aspect.

For learning and for modern standard orthography, it’s generally safest to treat it as one word: yana.

Can I change the word order, like A ɗaki dalibi yana karatu?

Yes, you can move the locative phrase a ɗaki to the front, but it slightly changes the focus / emphasis:

• Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki.
  Neutral, simple statement: The student is studying in the room.

• A ɗaki dalibi yana karatu.
  Emphasises the place: It’s in the room that the student is studying (not somewhere else).

The basic neutral order in Hausa is Subject – (TAM/verb) – other elements, which is why Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki is the most natural everyday version.

How would I say “The student usually/always studies in the room,” not just right now?

Your sentence with yana is typically ongoing (right now) or present-time, but Hausa often uses other patterns for habitual meaning.

Two common options:

1. Add a word that shows frequency:

   • Dalibi yana karatu a ɗaki kullum.
     The student studies in the room every day / always.

2. Use the habitual marker kan:

   • Dalibi yakan yi karatu a ɗaki.
     Literally: The student, he usually does study in the room.
     Natural English: The student usually studies in the room.

So yana karatu can be present or ongoing; yakan yi karatu clearly signals a habit.

Why is there no separate “he” before yana, even though we already have dalibi?

In Hausa, the subject pronoun is normally built into the verb phrase (here into yana), and it does not disappear just because you first mention a full noun like dalibi.

You can think of the structure as:

• Dalibi, yana karatu a ɗaki.
  → As for the student, he is studying in the room.

So:

• Dalibi – the topic / subject noun phrase
• yana – contains ya (he) + na (continuous aspect)

You would not say something like Dalibi na karatu a ɗaki to mean The student is studying in the room; you need that ya/‑ya‑ part inside yana to mark the subject properly.

This pattern—full noun + agreeing pronoun in the verb phrase—is very typical of Hausa.