Ο ήλιος είναι πάνω από το βουνό τώρα.

Ο is the definite article for a masculine singular noun in the nominative case. It means the.

So:

• ο ήλιος = the sun

Greek uses definite articles very often, including in places where English also uses the.

Ήλιος is a masculine noun in Greek.

That is why it takes the masculine singular article ο:

• ο ήλιος = the sun

In Greek, every noun has grammatical gender, and the article must match it.

Είναι means is.

It is the 3rd person singular form of the verb είμαι = to be.

So:

• ο ήλιος είναι = the sun is

A useful thing to know: είναι can also mean he/she/it is, depending on context, because Greek does not need a separate subject pronoun here.

Πάνω από means above, over, or up above.

In this sentence:

• πάνω από το βουνό = above the mountain

It does not usually mean touching the mountain. It means the sun is positioned higher than the mountain.

A helpful breakdown:

• πάνω = up / on top / above
• από = from, but in the expression πάνω από, it combines to mean above/over

So you should learn πάνω από as a fixed expression.

Because βουνό is being used as the mountain, not just a mountain or mountain in a general sense.

• το = the
• βουνό = mountain

So:

• το βουνό = the mountain

Also, βουνό is a neuter noun, so it takes the neuter singular article το.

Yes. After από, Greek normally uses the accusative case.

In this sentence:

• dictionary/basic form: το βουνό
• after από: still το βουνό

So the case does change grammatically, but for this noun, the form looks the same in nominative and accusative.

That is very common with many neuter nouns.

So:

• πάνω από το βουνό = above the mountain
• το βουνό here is accusative because of από

Yes, τώρα means now, and Greek word order is fairly flexible.

The sentence as given:

• Ο ήλιος είναι πάνω από το βουνό τώρα.

is natural and clear.

But you could also hear:

• Τώρα ο ήλιος είναι πάνω από το βουνό.
• Ο ήλιος τώρα είναι πάνω από το βουνό.

The position can change depending on emphasis.

Very roughly:

• τώρα at the end = neutral, natural
• τώρα at the beginning = stronger emphasis on now

Mostly, yes, in this sentence.

Greek order here is:

• Ο ήλιος = the sun
• είναι = is
• πάνω από το βουνό = above the mountain
• τώρα = now

So it maps quite closely to English: The sun is above the mountain now.

But Greek is generally more flexible with word order than English, because the articles and endings help show what each word is doing.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

o I-lyos EE-ne PA-no a-PO to voo-NO TO-ra

A slightly more accurate breakdown:

• Ο = o
• ήλιος = EE-lyos
• είναι = EE-ne
• πάνω = PA-no
• από = a-PO
• το = to
• βουνό = voo-NO
• τώρα = TO-ra

A few useful sound notes:

• ή sounds like ee
• ει in είναι sounds like ee
• β sounds like v, not English b
• the accent mark shows the stressed syllable

The accent marks show which syllable is stressed.

In this sentence:

• ήλιος → stress on ή
• είναι → stress on εί
• από → stress on πό
• βουνό → stress on νό
• τώρα → stress on τώ

Stress matters in Greek pronunciation, so the accents are important and should be learned with the word.

In standard modern Greek, you normally keep είναι in a sentence like this.

So:

• Ο ήλιος είναι πάνω από το βουνό. = correct

Leaving it out would usually sound incomplete or unnatural in normal speech.

Greek can sometimes omit parts of a sentence in informal contexts, but for a basic statement like this, είναι is normally required.

Not exactly.

• πάνω by itself often means up, above, on top, depending on context
• πάνω από more clearly means above/over

So:

• πάνω από το βουνό = above the mountain

If you only say πάνω, the meaning is less complete unless the context already makes it obvious what something is above or on.

Yes. Depending on context, a natural English translation could be:

• The sun is above the mountain now
• The sun is over the mountain now
• The sun is up above the mountain now

The Greek sentence itself is straightforward, and English may choose slightly different wording depending on style and context.