Πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά τώρα;

Here Πόσο means how in the sense of to what extent or how much.

In Greek, πόσο can be used with adjectives and adverbs to ask about degree:

• Πόσο καλά... = How well...
• Πόσο γρήγορα... = How quickly...
• Πόσο δύσκολο... = How difficult...

So in this sentence, Πόσο καλά works together as how well.

Because καλά is being used as an adverb, meaning well.

Compare:

• καλός / καλή / καλό = good (adjective)
• καλά = well (adverb)

Here the sentence is describing how someone understands, so Greek uses the adverb:

• καταλαβαίνεις καλά = you understand well

So:

• Πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνεις... = How well do you understand...

Καταλαβαίνεις is the 2nd person singular present tense form of καταλαβαίνω (to understand).

So it means:

• you understand
• do you understand

Because Greek does not need a separate word for you, the verb ending already shows who the subject is.

The ending -εις is a very common ending for you (singular) in the present tense.

It is informal singular — used when speaking to one person in a familiar way.

If you wanted to be formal, or if you were speaking to more than one person, you would usually say:

• Πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνετε ελληνικά τώρα;

So:

• καταλαβαίνεις = you understand (singular, informal)
• καταλαβαίνετε = you understand (plural or formal singular)

In Greek, the language name Greek is often expressed as ελληνικά.

This is very common after verbs like:

• μιλάω ελληνικά = I speak Greek
• καταλαβαίνω ελληνικά = I understand Greek
• μαθαίνω ελληνικά = I’m learning Greek

So in this sentence:

• καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά = you understand Greek

Even though ελληνικά looks like a plural adjective form, it is very commonly used as the name of the language.

Because when talking about languages after verbs like speak, understand, learn, Greek very often uses the language name without an article.

So these are natural:

• Μιλάω ελληνικά
• Καταλαβαίνω ελληνικά
• Μαθαίνω ελληνικά

You may also sometimes hear τα ελληνικά, especially in other contexts, but in a sentence like this, ελληνικά without the article is completely normal and very common.

Τώρα means now.

It adds the idea of at this point / currently, often contrasting with the past:

• How well do you understand Greek now?

This suggests something like:

• maybe the person has been studying
• maybe the speaker is checking progress
• maybe the situation has changed

So τώρα makes the question sound more about the learner’s current level.

Yes, Greek word order is fairly flexible, and τώρα can appear in different places.

For example:

• Πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά τώρα;
• Τώρα πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά;
• Πόσο καλά τώρα καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά; (possible, but less neutral in many contexts)

The version with τώρα at the end sounds very natural and neutral. Putting τώρα earlier can give it more emphasis.

So the end position here is normal and idiomatic.

No. Greek does not use a separate helper verb like English do to form questions.

English:

• How well do you understand Greek now?

Greek:

• Πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά τώρα;

Greek simply uses intonation in speech and the Greek question mark in writing.

So there is no separate word corresponding to English do here.

Because in Greek, the question mark is written as a semicolon (;).

So:

• Greek ; = English ?

This is one of the first punctuation differences learners notice.

So:

• Πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά τώρα;

is a normal written Greek question.

A rough pronunciation guide is:

PO-so ka-LA ka-ta-la-VEE-nees el-li-ni-KA to-RA

A few useful stress points:

• Πόσο → stress on the first syllable: PO-so
• καλά → stress on the last syllable: ka-LA
• καταλαβαίνεις → stress on -βεί-: ka-ta-la-VEE-nees
• ελληνικά → stress on the last syllable: el-li-ni-KA
• τώρα → stress on the first syllable: TO-ra

The written accent marks show you where the stress goes.

It can suggest both, depending on context.

Πόσο καλά καταλαβαίνεις ελληνικά τώρα; can mean:

• How well do you understand Greek now?
• How good is your Greek comprehension now?

So it can refer to:

• your general level of understanding
• how much you can follow Greek at the moment
• your progress as a learner

In normal conversation, it usually asks about your overall current ability.

Yes, very naturally.

For example:

• Πολύ καλά. = Very well.
• Αρκετά καλά. = Quite well.
• Λίγο. = A little.
• Όχι πολύ καλά ακόμα. = Not very well yet.
• Καταλαβαίνω αρκετά. = I understand quite a lot.

Greek often allows short answers like this when the meaning is clear from the question.