Learn Hardcore Greek: Πώς είναι ο καιρός το πρωί εκεί;

Πώς (with an accent) means how.
πως (without an accent) is a conjunction meaning that (roughly like “that” introducing a clause). Only the accented form makes a question word here.

Why is the definite article ο used with καιρός?

Greek often uses the definite article with general nouns where English wouldn’t. Ο καιρός literally “the weather” is the normal way to talk about weather in general. Saying just καιρός here would sound wrong.

Can I say “Τι καιρό κάνει εκεί το πρωί;” instead? Which is more natural?

Yes. Τι καιρό κάνει (εκεί το πρωί); is very common and idiomatic, essentially “What’s the weather like (there in the morning)?”
Both are fine:

Πώς είναι ο καιρός… = “How is the weather…”
Τι καιρό κάνει… = “What weather does it make…”, idiomatic for “What’s the weather like…” Everyday speech favors the second slightly, but your sentence is perfectly natural.

Why is it το πρωί and not στο πρωί or στην πρωί?

Times of day are commonly expressed with just the neuter article to mean “in the …”:

το πρωί (in the morning)
το απόγευμα (in the afternoon)
το βράδυ (at night) No preposition is used here. Also note πρωί is neuter and indeclinable in this use, so it takes το.

Where can εκεί go in the sentence? Does word order matter?

Adverbs of place like εκεί are flexible:

Πώς είναι ο καιρός το πρωί εκεί; (neutral)
Πώς είναι ο καιρός εκεί το πρωί; (also neutral)
Εκεί, πώς είναι ο καιρός το πρωί; (fronted for emphasis on “there”) Greek allows movement for emphasis, but your version is standard.

How do I pronounce the sentence?

A simple guide with stressed syllables in caps:

Πώς = POHS
είναι = EE-neh
ο = o
καιρός = keh-ROS (αι = “eh”)
το = to
πρωί = pro-EE
εκεί = e-KEE
Whole: POHS EE-neh o keh-ROS to pro-EE e-KEE?

What’s the difference between καιρός and ώρα?

καιρός = weather (also “a period/season” in some contexts)
ώρα = clock time/hour.
So you ask about weather with καιρός, not ώρα.

Is this asking about “this morning” or mornings in general?

It’s ambiguous in the present tense; context decides. To be explicit:

Specific: σήμερα το πρωί (this morning)
Habitual: τα πρωινά or συνήθως το πρωί (mornings / usually in the morning)

What’s that semicolon-looking mark at the end?

In Greek, the question mark is written as ; (semicolon shape). So …εκεί; is a question.

Why is it είναι and not a form that shows singular vs plural clearly?

είναι is both 3rd person singular (“he/she/it is”) and 3rd person plural (“they are”). Here the subject ο καιρός is singular, so it means “is.” Greek relies on the subject noun to disambiguate.

Can I drop the article or the verb? Like “Πώς ο καιρός το πρωί εκεί;”

No. You need both:

ο with καιρός
είναι as the linking verb
Without them, it’s ungrammatical.

Why is αι pronounced “eh” in καιρός?

The digraph αι is pronounced like e in “pet.” So καιρός sounds like keh-ROS, not kai-ROS.

What case is καιρός here, and why is it different in “Τι καιρό κάνει;”?

In your sentence, ο καιρός is the subject in the nominative case.
In Τι καιρό κάνει;, καιρό is in the accusative as the object of κάνει (“makes/does”), hence no article and different ending.

How would I answer this question in Greek?

Common patterns:

With “έχει”: Έχει ήλιο/συννεφιά/ομίχλη/αέρα.
With “κάνει”: Κάνει ζέστη/κρύο.
With “είναι”: Ο καιρός είναι καλός/άσχημος/δροσερός.
Verbs: Βρέχει. Χιονίζει. Φυσάει.

Is πρωινό related to πρωί? Can I say το πρωινό instead?

They’re related but different:

το πρωί = in the morning (time expression)
πρωινό = breakfast (noun) or “morning” as an adjective (πρωινός/ή/ό).
You don’t use το πρωινό to mean “in the morning” in this sentence.