Die Anklage kommt von der Staatsanwaltschaft.

Anklage is a feminine noun in German, so in the nominative singular it takes die:

• die Anklage = the charge / accusation / indictment

A useful pattern is that many nouns ending in -e are feminine, and Anklage is one of them.

Because von always takes the dative case.

Staatsanwaltschaft is also a feminine noun, and the feminine singular article in the dative is der:

• nominative: die Staatsanwaltschaft
• dative: der Staatsanwaltschaft

So:

• von der Staatsanwaltschaft = by/from the public prosecutor’s office

In this sentence:

• Die Anklage is in the nominative because it is the subject
• der Staatsanwaltschaft is in the dative because it follows von

So the structure is:

• [subject] Die Anklage
• [verb] kommt
• [prepositional phrase] von der Staatsanwaltschaft

Yes, literally it means comes from.

So word-for-word:

• Die Anklage = the charge / indictment
• kommt = comes
• von = from
• der Staatsanwaltschaft = the public prosecutor’s office

Literal meaning:

• The charge comes from the public prosecutor’s office.

In more natural legal English, this might be expressed as:

• The charge was brought by the public prosecutor.
• The indictment comes from the prosecution.

So kommt von shows the source/origin of the charge.

Because German main clauses usually follow the verb-second (V2) rule.

Here the first element is:

• Die Anklage

So the finite verb must come next:

• kommt

Then the rest follows:

• von der Staatsanwaltschaft

That gives:

• Die Anklage kommt von der Staatsanwaltschaft.

You could also move another element to the front, but the verb would still stay second:

• Von der Staatsanwaltschaft kommt die Anklage.

That version is less neutral and puts more emphasis on von der Staatsanwaltschaft.

Because the subject is die Anklage, which is third-person singular.

The verb is kommen = to come

Present tense:

• ich komme
• du kommst
• er/sie/es kommt
• wir kommen
• ihr kommt
• sie/Sie kommen

Since Anklage is singular, German uses:

• kommt

It can overlap with several English legal words depending on context.

Common possibilities:

• charge
• accusation
• indictment
• prosecution in some contexts

A few nuances:

• Anklage often refers to a formal legal accusation
• Anklage erheben is a common legal phrase meaning to bring charges or to indict
• Outside strict legal contexts, it can also mean accusation

So the best English translation depends on the situation.

Staatsanwaltschaft means the public prosecutor’s office or prosecution service.

It is the authority responsible for criminal prosecution.

It is a compound noun:

• Staat = state
• Anwaltschaft = legal profession / body of lawyers

In practice, you usually learn Staatsanwaltschaft as one complete legal term.

It is feminine:

• die Staatsanwaltschaft

Yes. Von is a dative preposition.

So you always use the dative after it:

• von dem Mann → often contracted to vom Mann
• von der Frau
• von den Leuten

In your sentence:

• von der Staatsanwaltschaft

That is a very common grammar point to remember:

• von + dative

Yes. A more typical legal phrasing would often be:

• Die Staatsanwaltschaft erhebt Anklage.
• Die Anklage wird von der Staatsanwaltschaft erhoben.

These mean something like:

• The public prosecutor brings charges.
• The charges are brought by the prosecution.

Your original sentence is grammatically fine, but depending on context, native German legal style might prefer one of those alternatives.

Because article forms change according to case.

• Die Anklage is the subject, so it stays in the nominative
• Staatsanwaltschaft comes after von, so it must be dative

Since both nouns are feminine, the contrast is especially clear:

• nominative feminine: die
• dative feminine: der

So:

• die Anklage
• von der Staatsanwaltschaft

This is a very common pattern in German case marking.