Learn Hardcore Filipino: May asawa na si Maria, at may anak pa sila. - Maria already has a spouse, and they still have a child.

May asawa = has a spouse (idiomatically: is married)
May anak = has a child/children (unspecified number) Tagalog prefers predicate-first order, so May asawa na si Maria is the default way to say it, rather than starting with the name.

What nuance does na add in May asawa na si Maria?

Na means already/now, marking a change of state. It suggests that Maria was previously unmarried, but now she’s married. Without na (just May asawa si Maria), it simply states the fact without implying a prior state.

What does pa add in may anak pa sila?

Pa can mean still, yet, or in addition. Here it adds an accumulative sense: on top of being married, they also have a child. It’s like saying and they even have a child as well.

Why do na and pa come after asawa and anak, not right after may?

Enclitics like na and pa normally attach after the first prominent content word of the predicate. In May asawa na si Maria, the predicate is may asawa, and na follows asawa. In may anak pa sila, pa follows anak. You do not say ✗May pa anak.

With mayroon/meron, enclitics can immediately follow: Mayroon pa silang anak / Meron pa silang anak.

What exactly does asawa mean? Is it gendered?

Asawa means spouse and is gender-neutral. May asawa is an idiomatic way to say someone is married. To specify the spouse’s gender, you can say asawang lalaki (husband) or asawang babae (wife), though context usually makes it clear.

Why is it si Maria? What is si for?

Si is the personal article used before a singular proper name in the ang-case (subject/topic position). Compare:

si Maria (single proper name)
sina Maria at Juan (multiple names)
ang babae (a common noun phrase)

Who does sila refer to? Why not siya or nila?

Sila means they and here refers to Maria and her spouse. Siya would refer only to Maria. Nila is a genitive (possessor) form used in structures like Anak nila… (their child), not in the existential may… sila pattern.

Could I say May anak pa si Maria instead of may anak pa sila?

Yes. May anak pa si Maria focuses on Maria as the possessor. May anak pa sila frames the couple jointly. Both are correct; choose based on what you want to highlight.

How do I show plural or an exact number of children?

Unspecified plural: May mga anak sila (they have children).
Exact number: May isang anak sila (exactly one), May dalawang anak sila, May tatlong anak sila, etc. Note: isang/dalawang/tatlong are the linked forms of the numerals.

Can I use mayroon/meron instead of may? When should I prefer them?

Yes. Mayroon (formal) and meron (colloquial) are variants of may. They’re especially common when followed by a pronoun or when standing alone.

Before a pronoun: Mayroon pa silang anak / Meron pa silang anak (very natural).
Standing alone: Mayroon na. (There is already.) With a noun complement, may is also perfectly natural: May anak pa sila.

What are the negative counterparts (not yet / no longer)?

Use wala plus pa/na:

Not yet married: Wala pa siyang asawa.
They don’t have a child yet: Wala pa silang anak.
No longer married: Wala na siyang asawa.
They no longer have a child: Wala na silang anak. Here, pa = yet; na = already/no longer (change of state).

Is the comma before at necessary?

No. It’s optional. You can write May asawa na si Maria at may anak pa sila without the comma. The comma just marks a slight pause between the two clauses.

Can I use the ay inversion? How does it affect style?

Yes. Si Maria ay may asawa na, at sila ay may anak pa. The ay-construction is more formal/literary. The meaning is the same; everyday speech typically uses predicate-first order.

What’s the difference between May asawa na si Maria and May asawa pa si Maria?

May asawa na si Maria = She is now/already married (newly achieved state).
May asawa pa si Maria = She still has a spouse / is still married (the state continues; e.g., despite rumors of separation).

How else can I say someone is married?

Kasal na si Maria. (Maria is already married; focuses on the marital status.)
Mag-asawa sila. (They are a married couple, i.e., married to each other.) May asawa emphasizes having a spouse; kasal emphasizes the state of being married; mag-asawa refers to the pair.

Why is there no linker (na/-ng) here? When would I need one?

There’s no modifier–noun relationship here, so no linker is needed. May is an existential particle, not a modifier. You use linkers between modifiers and nouns:

May dalawang anak pa sila. (number + linker)
May maliit na anak sila. (adjective + linker)

Could I use rin/din instead of pa in the second clause?

You could say May anak na rin sila, but it has a slightly different nuance:

pa = in addition/on top of that (builds on the first clause’s new state)
rin/din = also/too (echoes similarity to someone/something previously mentioned) Both are grammatical; choose based on the context you want to convey.