من میخواهم بعد از صبحانه به دکتر بروم.

Because Persian normally uses Subject–Object/Other elements–Verb order.

So in:

من می‌خواهم بعد از صبحانه به دکتر بروم

the verb بروم comes at the end. A very literal breakdown is:

• من = I
• می‌خواهم = want
• بعد از صبحانه = after breakfast
• به دکتر = to the doctor
• بروم = go

So the structure is roughly:

I want [after breakfast] [to the doctor] [to go].

That final verb position is very normal in Persian.

Yes, they are both verbs, but they do different jobs.

• می‌خواهم = I want
• بروم = that I go / to go

After خواستن (to want), Persian usually uses the subjunctive form of the second verb.

So:

• می‌خواهم بروم = I want to go

This is one of the most important patterns in Persian:

• می‌خواهم بخورم = I want to eat
• می‌خواهم بخوابم = I want to sleep
• می‌خواهم بروم = I want to go

So بروم is not just another main verb thrown in randomly; it is the normal form used after می‌خواهم.

Because after می‌خواهم (I want), Persian uses the subjunctive, not the normal present indicative.

Compare:

• می‌روم = I go / I am going
• بروم = (that) I go / to go

So:

• من به دکتر می‌روم = I go / I am going to the doctor
• من می‌خواهم به دکتر بروم = I want to go to the doctor

A useful shortcut:

• می- often marks ordinary present/habitual meaning
• ب- often appears in the subjunctive

That is why you see بروم here.

Yes. Very often, من is omitted because the verb already shows the person.

So both of these are natural:

• من می‌خواهم بعد از صبحانه به دکتر بروم
• می‌خواهم بعد از صبحانه به دکتر بروم

Since می‌خواهم already means I want, the pronoun is often unnecessary.

You keep من when you want emphasis, contrast, or extra clarity, for example:

• من می‌خواهم بروم، نه تو = I want to go, not you.

به often means to, and here it marks the destination.

• به دکتر رفتن = to go to the doctor

So in this sentence:

• به دکتر = to the doctor

This is similar to:

• به مدرسه = to school
• به خانه = home / to the house
• به دانشگاه = to the university

In natural English, go to the doctor can mean go for a medical visit, and Persian uses به دکتر رفتن in a similar way.

Persian does not use articles the same way English does.

English needs words like:

• a
• an
• the

Persian often leaves that unstated unless it really matters.

So به دکتر بروم can naturally mean:

• go to the doctor
• go to a doctor

In this kind of sentence, context usually makes it clear. Persian is often less explicit than English about definiteness.

It means after breakfast.

Breakdown:

• بعد = after / later
• از = from, but in this expression it helps create after
• صبحانه = breakfast

Together:

• بعد از صبحانه = after breakfast

This is a very common pattern:

• بعد از کلاس = after class
• بعد از کار = after work
• بعد از شام = after dinner

So you can learn بعد از + noun as a useful chunk meaning after + noun.

Yes. A very common alternative is:

• بعدِ صبحانه

This also means after breakfast.

So both can be used:

• بعد از صبحانه
• بعدِ صبحانه

The version with از is very common and clear for learners, so it is a good one to know first.

A careful pronunciation would be roughly:

man mikhâham ba'd az sobhâne be doktor beravam

A more natural everyday pronunciation is often closer to:

man mikhâm ba'd az sobhâne be doktor beram

A few notes:

• می‌خواهم is often pronounced mikhâm in speech
• بروم is often pronounced beram in speech
• صبحانه is pronounced roughly sobhâne
• دکتر is pronounced doktor

So in everyday spoken Persian, you will often hear something like:

من می‌خوام بعد از صبحانه به دکتر برم

The version you were given is basically standard written Persian.

Standard form:

• من می‌خواهم بعد از صبحانه به دکتر بروم

Very common spoken form:

• من می‌خوام بعد از صبحانه به دکتر برم

Or with the pronoun omitted:

• می‌خوام بعد از صبحانه به دکتر برم

So:

• می‌خواهم / بروم = more standard, careful, written
• می‌خوام / برم = more conversational

Both are important to recognize.

The more standard spelling is:

• می‌خواهم

This uses a half-space / zero-width non-joiner between می and the verb stem.

But many people type it informally as:

• میخواهم

Both refer to the same word, and learners will see both. If you want the standard written form, use می‌خواهم.

The same thing happens with many verbs:

• می‌روم
• می‌خورم
• می‌دانم

In informal typing, people often skip that half-space.

The sentence can be rearranged somewhat, but the verb usually stays at the end.

For example, these are possible:

• من می‌خواهم بعد از صبحانه به دکتر بروم
• من بعد از صبحانه می‌خواهم به دکتر بروم
• بعد از صبحانه می‌خواهم به دکتر بروم

These all sound natural, with slightly different emphasis.

What is much less natural is moving بروم away from the end in a neutral sentence.

So Persian word order is flexible, but not completely free. The strongest rule here is that the final verb position is very normal.

In normal usage, it usually means go to the doctor for a visit/appointment, not literally walk toward the doctor as a person.

This is similar to English go to the doctor, which often really means:

• go to the doctor’s office
• go see a doctor

So the Persian phrase is idiomatic in the same way English is.

If you wanted to be more explicit, Persian can also say things like:

• پیش دکتر بروم = go see the doctor / go to the doctor

But به دکتر بروم is perfectly normal and common.