Ĉu en konsulejo, ĉu hejme, la petanto ricevos pasporton.

Here ĉu ... ĉu ... is a pairing that means something like whether ... or ... or either ... or ....

So:

• Ĉu en konsulejo, ĉu hejme = whether at a consulate or at home

This is different from the very common ĉu used to mark a yes/no question. In this sentence, it is not asking a yes/no question; it is linking two alternatives.

Because Esperanto normally uses the full pattern ĉu X, ĉu Y to present two alternatives.

So the structure is:

• ĉu en konsulejo
• ĉu hejme

This repetition is standard and makes the contrast clear. English often uses just one whether, but Esperanto commonly repeats ĉu before each option.

Because ĉu has more than one use.

It can:

• introduce a yes/no question: Ĉu vi venos?
• connect alternatives: ĉu ... ĉu ...

In your sentence, it is clearly the second use. Also, the rest of the sentence is a normal statement:

• la petanto ricevos pasporton = a declarative clause
• there is no question mark
• the verb form ricevos is just future tense, not a question form

So the sentence is a statement, not a question.

Because la is used for something definite or specifically identified.

• en konsulejo = in/at a consulate, with no specific one singled out
• en la konsulejo = in/at the consulate, a particular consulate already known from context

Without la, the phrase is more general. It sounds like the exact consulate is not important.

Hejme is the normal Esperanto adverb meaning at home.

This is a very common pattern:

• hejmo = home, a home
• hejme = at home

Esperanto often uses adverbial forms for location in set expressions:

• hejme = at home
• lerneje = at school
• fakulteje = at the faculty/building, if formed in context

You could say something like en la hejmo, but that usually sounds more literal, like in the home/inside the home. Hejme is the natural everyday choice for at home.

Petanto comes from the verb peti = to request, ask for, apply for.

The ending -ant- is the active present participle idea: someone who is doing the action.

So:

• peti = to request
• petanto = requester, applicant, petitioner

In practical usage here, petanto means the applicant.

La marks it as definite:

• la petanto = the applicant
• petanto = an applicant / applicant in a general sense

So the sentence is talking about a particular applicant, or about the applicant in a procedural or formal sense.

This is very common in official-style language.

Because pasporton is the direct object of ricevos.

The applicant is receiving what? → pasporton

In Esperanto, the direct object takes -n:

• la petanto ricevos pasporton

Compare:

• La petanto ricevos dokumenton.
• La petanto ricevos vizon.

All those objects take -n because they are what is being received.

Because -os is the future tense ending in Esperanto.

So:

• ricevas = receives / is receiving
• ricevis = received
• ricevos = will receive

That tells you the receiving will happen in the future.

Yes. In many contexts, ĉu ... ĉu ... can be translated naturally as:

• whether ... or ...
• either ... or ...

Which English version sounds better depends on context. Grammatically, both capture the idea of alternatives.

Yes, a little. The sentence begins with the two alternative location phrases:

• Ĉu en konsulejo, ĉu hejme, ...

Then comes the main clause:

• la petanto ricevos pasporton

This fronting puts focus on the alternatives of place. It is like saying:

• Whether at a consulate or at home, the applicant will receive a passport.

Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, so this is natural.

En means in or sometimes at/inside a place.

• en konsulejo suggests being in the consulate, or at the consulate as a place

A learner might wonder about ĉe, which often means at in a broader sense. In many contexts, ĉe konsulejo would sound more like at the consulate/by the consulate, while en konsulejo points more directly to being in that institution or inside that place.

In official or procedural language, en konsulejo is very natural.

Yes, but it would change the nuance.

• pasporton = a passport / passport, not specifically identified
• la pasporton = the passport, a specific one already known

The version without la is more neutral and common if the sentence is just talking about the item the applicant will receive.

So:

• la petanto ricevos pasporton = the applicant will receive a passport
• la petanto ricevos la pasporton = the applicant will receive the passport

The second version sounds more specific.