La laborloko estas apud la stacidomo.

La is the definite article, like English the. It shows that the speaker has a particular workplace and a particular station in mind.

Esperanto does not have a separate word for a/an, so you only choose between using la or using no article at all.

Estas is the present-tense form of esti, which means to be.

A useful Esperanto rule is that verbs do not change depending on the subject: mi estas, vi estas, li estas, ili estas.

So la laborloko estas simply means the workplace is.

There is no direct object here.

La laborloko is the subject of the sentence, and after estas you normally do not use the accusative -n. Also, apud la stacidomo is a location phrase, so stacidomo stays without -n.

If the idea were motion toward a position beside the station, Esperanto can sometimes use -n after a preposition. But here the sentence is describing where something is, not where it is going.

Apud means beside, next to, or by the side of.

It usually suggests fairly close physical nearness. It is often more specific than ĉe, which can mean at or by in a broader sense.

So apud la stacidomo gives the idea of being right next to, or very near, the station.

It is a compound word:

labor- = work
loko = place

So laborloko literally means work-place, that is, workplace.

Esperanto very often builds words this way.

It is also a compound:

staci- = station
domo = house/building

So stacidomo literally means station building.

In normal use, it often means a station, especially a railway or train station.

In Esperanto compounds, the earlier parts usually appear as roots, and only the final part takes the normal grammatical ending.

So you get:

laborloko, not laboroloko
stacidomo, not staciodomo

This is very common in Esperanto word-building.

Often, yes.

Stacio is the general word for station.
Stacidomo literally emphasizes the station building and is especially common for a railway station.

In many everyday situations, the difference is small, but stacidomo can sound a bit more concrete or specific.

Yes.

La laborloko estas apud la stacidomo is the most neutral word order. But Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, so you could also say:

Apud la stacidomo estas la laborloko.

That version emphasizes the location first. The meaning is still clear because apud marks the prepositional phrase.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

la la-bor-LO-ko ES-tas A-pud la sta-ci-DO-mo

In Esperanto, the stress is almost always on the next-to-last syllable of each word.

Also, the c in stacidomo is pronounced like ts, not like English k or s.