La administranto kontrolas la sistemon.

La is the Esperanto definite article, equivalent to English the.

So:

• la administranto = the administrator
• la sistemon = the system

It appears twice because both nouns are definite. Esperanto uses la for all genders and numbers, and it never changes form.

In Esperanto, nouns end in -o.

So administranto is a noun. You can often spot parts of speech by their endings:

• -o = noun
• -a = adjective
• -e = adverb
• -i = infinitive verb
• -as = present tense verb

That means administranto is clearly a noun meaning administrator.

The -ant- is an active participle element meaning something like doing or one who is doing.

So:

• administri = to administer
• administranto = one who administers, administrator

This is a very common Esperanto pattern. For example:

• lernanto = learner, student
• parolanto = speaker
• laboranto = worker

So administranto is built very regularly.

No. By default, administranto is not specifically male. It can refer to a person of unspecified sex or, depending on context, any administrator.

If you need to specify female, Esperanto commonly uses -in-:

• administrantino = female administrator

In many contexts, though, administranto is used without specifying gender.

The ending -as marks the present tense in Esperanto.

So:

• kontroli = to control / check / inspect
• kontrolas = controls / is checking / checks

Esperanto verbs do not change according to person or number. That means:

• mi kontrolas = I check
• vi kontrolas = you check
• li kontrolas = he checks
• ili kontrolas = they check

The verb form stays kontrolas every time.

The -n ending marks the direct object, called the accusative.

In this sentence, the administrator is doing something to the system, so the system is the direct object:

• La administranto = subject
• kontrolas = verb
• la sistemon = direct object

Without the -n, it would just be la sistemo, which is the basic noun form. With -n, it becomes the thing being acted on.

This is one of the most important features of Esperanto grammar.

Yes, in standard Esperanto that would be wrong if you mean the administrator checks the system.

Because the system is the direct object, it needs the accusative -n:

• correct: La administranto kontrolas la sistemon

Without -n, la sistemo would not be marked as the object.

Yes, Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, largely because the accusative -n shows which noun is the object.

The normal order is:

• La administranto kontrolas la sistemon.

But other orders are possible, especially for emphasis, such as:

• La sistemon kontrolas la administranto.

Because sistemon has -n, you still know it is the object.

That said, the standard subject–verb–object order is the easiest and most common for learners.

Not always. This is a useful point for English speakers.

In Esperanto, kontroli often means to check, to inspect, or to verify, not only to control in the sense of to direct or dominate.

So depending on context, La administranto kontrolas la sistemon may mean:

• the administrator checks the system
• the administrator monitors the system
• the administrator inspects the system

The exact nuance depends on the context already given.

To make nouns plural, Esperanto adds -j.

Examples:

• la administrantoj = the administrators
• la sistemoj = the systems

If a plural noun is also a direct object, it gets both -j and -n:

• la sistemojn = the systems (as direct object)

So:

• La administrantoj kontrolas la sistemojn.
  = The administrators check the systems.

Because Esperanto verbs do not agree with the subject in person or number.

English has:

• I check
• he checks
• they check

Esperanto just uses:

• mi kontrolas
• li kontrolas
• ili kontrolas

This makes verb conjugation much simpler than in English.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

la ad-mi-ni-STRAN-to kon-TRO-las la sis-TE-mon

A few key points:

• Stress is always on the second-to-last syllable of each word.
• Every letter is pronounced consistently.
• The o is always pronounced clearly, not reduced like English often does.

Word stress here:

• administranto
• kontrolas
• sistemon

That regular stress pattern is one of the helpful features of Esperanto.

Yes, Esperanto can omit la if the noun is indefinite or not specifically identified.

Compare:

• La administranto kontrolas la sistemon. = The administrator checks the system.
• Administranto kontrolas sistemon. = An administrator checks a system.

Using la makes both nouns definite and specific. That is why it appears in this sentence.