De soep deed pijn aan mijn tong.

Dutch often expresses to hurt with the phrase pijn doen or pijn hebben rather than with a single everyday verb that works exactly like English to hurt.

So:

• De soep deed pijn aan mijn tong = The soup hurt my tongue
• literally: The soup did pain to my tongue

This sounds strange in English, but it is a normal Dutch way to express that something caused pain.

A single verb like pijnden exists only in very limited or old-fashioned/literary use, so learners should not try to use it as the normal equivalent of hurt.

Deed is the past tense of doen.

• doen = to do
• deed = did

In the expression pijn doen, the verb doen changes normally:

• present: De soep doet pijn aan mijn tong
• past: De soep deed pijn aan mijn tong

So deed is used because the sentence is in the past.

Aan mijn tong means to/on my tongue, depending on how you think about it in English.

Dutch commonly uses aan after pijn doen to mark the body part affected:

• Dat doet pijn aan mijn hand = That hurts my hand
• De rook deed pijn aan mijn ogen = The smoke hurt my eyes

So in this sentence:

• de soep = the thing causing the pain
• deed pijn = caused pain
• aan mijn tong = in/to the tongue area affected

You should learn pijn doen aan + body part as a pattern.

Yes, that is also possible, and many learners will notice that it feels close to English word order.

• De soep deed pijn aan mijn tong
• De soep deed mijn tong pijn

Both can mean that the soup hurt your tongue.

The version with aan mijn tong makes the structure pijn doen aan ... very clear and idiomatic. The version without aan is also understandable and natural in many contexts.

Because Dutch normally does not use an article before a noun when it already has a possessive word like:

• mijn = my
• jouw = your
• zijn = his
• haar = her

So you say:

• mijn tong = my tongue
• not de mijn tong

This works the same way as in English.

Usually, that would be the most likely interpretation, yes. It suggests the soup caused physical pain to the tongue, often because it was:

• too hot
• possibly too spicy
• otherwise irritating

The sentence itself does not explicitly say why it hurt, only that it did.

If you want to be more specific, Dutch could also say:

• De soep was te heet = The soup was too hot
• De soep brandde op mijn tong = The soup burned on my tongue

Yes, it is understandable and natural enough, especially if you want to focus on the effect on the tongue.

That said, in everyday speech Dutch speakers might often choose other sentences depending on the situation, for example:

• De soep was te heet.
• Ik verbrandde mijn tong aan de soep. = I burned my tongue on the soup.
• De soep brandde op mijn tong.

So your sentence is good Dutch, but it is not the only natural way to say this idea.

Because soep is grammatically a de-word in Dutch:

• de soep = the soup

Unfortunately, whether a noun takes de or het usually has to be learned with the noun itself. There is no simple meaning-based rule that tells you why soep is de.

So it is best to memorize it as:

• de soep

The sentence follows normal Dutch main-clause word order:

• De soep = subject
• deed = finite verb
• pijn = part of the verbal expression
• aan mijn tong = prepositional phrase

So the pattern is:

subject + finite verb + rest

That is why the verb deed comes right after De soep.

If this were a subordinate clause, the verb position would change, for example:

• Ik zei dat de soep pijn deed aan mijn tong.

There, deed moves toward the end because of the subordinate clause.

You just change deed to doet:

• De soep doet pijn aan mijn tong. = The soup hurts my tongue.

So the tense pair is:

• doet = does / hurts
• deed = did / hurt

This is a useful pattern to remember with pijn doen.