Learn Hardcore Danish: Jeg sidder på sengen og læser bogen.

So Jeg sidder på sengen literally is “I sit on the bed,” but it is understood as “I am sitting on the bed.” Using Jeg er på sengen would mean “I am on the bed” (located there), not specifically that you are sitting.

Why is the verb sidder in the simple present, not something like a continuous tense?

Danish has only one present tense form (no separate “continuous” form like English).

Jeg sidder can mean both “I sit” and “I am sitting.”
Jeg læser can mean both “I read” and “I am reading.”

Context usually tells you whether it’s a general habit or something happening right now. In this sentence, with a concrete scene (on the bed, reading the book), it’s naturally understood as a current, ongoing action: “I am sitting on the bed and reading the book.”

Why is it på sengen and not i sengen?

Both på and i can be used with seng, but they give slightly different images:

på sengen – literally “on the bed,” suggests on top of the bed, often sitting or lying on it, not necessarily under the covers.
i sengen – literally “in the bed,” often suggests being in bed, typically under the covers, e.g. when going to sleep or being sick.

So Jeg sidder på sengen gives a clear image of someone sitting on the bed as a piece of furniture, not necessarily “tucked in.” If you said Jeg ligger i sengen, it would more likely be about being in bed (to sleep, rest, be ill, etc.).

What is the difference between seng and sengen here?

Danish doesn’t use a separate word for “the” in most cases. Instead, it adds a suffix to the noun:

en seng – a bed
sengen – the bed

So sengen = seng + -en (definite singular ending for common gender nouns).

In på sengen, the speaker is talking about a specific bed that both speaker and listener know about (for example, “the bed” in the room you’re talking about), not just any random bed.

And what about bog vs. bogen? Why bogen here?

Same pattern as with seng / sengen:

en bog – a book
bogen – the book

So:

læser en bog – reading a (non‑specific) book
læser bogen – reading the (particular) book, which is assumed to be known from the context.

In Jeg sidder på sengen og læser bogen, bogen indicates that you and the listener both know which book is being referred to.

Why is there no separate word for “the,” like den or det, before sengen and bogen?

The normal, most common way to express definiteness in Danish is with a suffix, not a separate article:

en stol – a chair → stolen – the chair
et bord – a table → bordet – the table
en seng – a bed → sengen – the bed
en bog – a book → bogen – the book

You can use den / det together with the definite form, but then it has an extra function (often emphasis or a specific structure), for example:

Den seng, du sidder på, er ny. – That bed you’re sitting on is new.

In your sentence, just sengen and bogen are perfectly normal and correct for “the bed” and “the book.”

How does og work between sidder and læser? Is læser sharing the same subject?

Yes. In Danish, og (“and”) can link two verbs that share the same subject:

Jeg sidder og læser. – Literally: “I sit and read,” meaning “I am sitting and reading.”

In the full sentence:

Jeg sidder på sengen og læser bogen.

The subject Jeg applies to both verbs sidder and læser. Danish doesn’t repeat the subject: you don’t say Jeg sidder … og jeg læser … here, unless you want to give them special emphasis or separate them more strongly.

Could I say Jeg sidder på sengen og læser i bogen? What’s the difference?

Yes, you can. There is a subtle difference in nuance:

læser bogen – focuses on the whole book as an object. It often implies you’re reading “the book” (possibly from start to finish, or in a more “complete” sense).
læser i bogen – literally “read in the book,” which can sound more like you are reading parts of it, reading from it, or just currently looking into it (not necessarily the whole thing).

Both can be used for ordinary reading, and context matters a lot, but læser bogen feels a bit more like “reading that specific book,” while læser i bogen feels a bit more like “reading in that book” (browsing, consulting, looking into).

Is the word order Jeg sidder på sengen og læser bogen fixed, or could the prepositional phrase move?

The given order is natural, but word order is somewhat flexible. You could also say, for example:

Jeg sidder og læser bogen på sengen.

This is still grammatical, but it can sound slightly less smooth and might create a tiny moment where på sengen could be heard as modifying læser bogen (reading the book on the bed), instead of clearly belonging to sidder.

The original:

Jeg sidder [på sengen] og [læser bogen].

makes the structure and the scene very clear: first your physical position (“I am sitting on the bed”), then what you’re doing (“and reading the book”).

Could I drop Jeg and just say Sidder på sengen og læser bogen?

In standard Danish, you normally do not drop subject pronouns. So:

Jeg sidder på sengen og læser bogen. – normal, correct.

Sidder på sengen og læser bogen without Jeg might appear in very informal writing (notes, messages, headlines, diaries) to create a “telegram style” or very casual tone, but in full, normal sentences you should keep Jeg.

Unlike some languages, Danish isn’t a “pro‑drop” language: the subject pronoun is normally required.

Do verbs like sidder and læser change form with different subjects (I, you, he, she)?

No. In modern Danish, verb endings do not change with the person or number of the subject. The present tense looks the same for all subjects:

jeg sidder – I sit / am sitting
du sidder – you sit / are sitting
han/hun sidder – he/she sits / is sitting
vi sidder – we sit / are sitting
I sidder – you (plural) sit / are sitting
de sidder – they sit / are sitting

Same for læser:

jeg læser, du læser, han læser, vi læser, etc.

So once you know the present form of a verb, you can use it with any subject without changing it.

How are sidder, sengen, and bogen pronounced, especially the d and the endings?

Some key points (simplified for an English speaker):

sidder
- The dd here is a soft d, not like English d. It’s similar to the English th in “this”, but weaker and more “inside” the mouth.
- The ending -er is often pronounced more like a schwa + light r, something like “sith-er” but with a soft th‑like sound and a weak final r.
sengen
- sen- like “sen” in English “send”, but the vowel is a bit closer to e in “get”.
- Final -gen has a soft g (often very weak or almost silent) plus the en ending. Roughly “seng-en”, but smoothed together.
bogen
- bo- has the Danish o, which is more closed than English o; something like “boh.”
- -gen again with a soft g and en ending: “boh-en” with the g hardly heard clearly.

Exact Danish pronunciation is quite different from English, but the main surprises for learners are the soft d and soft g, and the reduced endings like -er and -en.

Could I replace sidder with ligger or står and still be correct?

Grammatically yes, but the meaning changes:

Jeg sidder på sengen og læser bogen. – I am sitting on the bed and reading the book.
Jeg ligger på sengen og læser bogen. – I am lying on the bed and reading the book.
Jeg står ved sengen og læser bogen. – I am standing by the bed and reading the book.

Danish speakers are quite precise with these position verbs: you normally choose the one that actually matches your physical position.