Poslední očkování bylo včera.

Because očkování is a singular neuter noun.

In the Czech past tense, the verb agrees with the subject in gender and number:

• byl = masculine singular
• byla = feminine singular
• bylo = neuter singular

So since očkování is neuter singular, the correct form is bylo.

Not necessarily. Poslední belongs to a group of Czech adjectives often called soft adjectives. In the nominative singular, the form poslední is the same for masculine, feminine, and neuter.

So in this sentence:

• poslední muž = the last man
• poslední žena = the last woman
• poslední očkování = the last vaccination

The adjective is still agreeing with the noun; it just happens that the visible form stays the same here.

It is in the nominative case.

That is because poslední očkování is the subject of the sentence: it is the thing that was yesterday.

So the structure is:

• Poslední očkování = subject, nominative
• bylo = verb
• včera = adverb of time

It can mean either, depending on context.

In a sentence like Poslední očkování bylo včera, many people would understand it as the most recent vaccination was yesterday. But it could also mean the final vaccination was yesterday if you are talking about a series of shots.

If Czech speakers want to make final especially clear, they may use context or add something stronger, such as úplně poslední.

Očkování comes from the verb očkovat = to vaccinate.

It can refer to:

• the act of vaccination,
• a vaccination appointment,
• a shot/jab,
• or vaccination in a more general sense.

So depending on context, English might translate it as vaccination, shot, jab, or immunization.

Because vakcína and očkování are not the same thing.

• vakcína = the vaccine itself, the substance/product
• očkování = the vaccination, the act/event/shot

So this sentence is about getting vaccinated, not about the vaccine as an object.

Czech has no articles, so it does not have direct equivalents of the and a/an.

That means Poslední očkování can naturally mean the last vaccination without any extra word.

If you wanted to make possession explicit, you would add it directly:

• Moje poslední očkování bylo včera. = My last vaccination was yesterday.

Because včera is already an adverb meaning yesterday.

Czech often uses simple adverbs of time without prepositions:

• dnes = today
• zítra = tomorrow
• včera = yesterday

But with days of the week, Czech usually does use a preposition:

• v pondělí = on Monday

So včera does not need anything before it.

Yes. Czech word order is fairly flexible.

Poslední očkování bylo včera is a very natural, neutral sentence. But you could also say:

• Včera bylo poslední očkování.

That version puts more emphasis on včera or presents the information a little differently.

In Czech, word order often shows focus and emphasis, not just grammar.

A simple pronunciation guide would be:

PO-sled-nee OCH-ko-vaa-nee BI-lo FVCHE-ra

A few useful points:

• Stress in Czech is usually on the first syllable of each word.
• č sounds like ch in church.
• í and á are long vowels, so they are held a bit longer.
• vč at the start of včera can feel unusual for English speakers.

A rougher natural pronunciation is close to:

PO-sled-nee OCH-ko-vaa-nee BI-lo FCHEH-ra